tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-40585729331168957242024-03-13T22:19:25.399-07:00Excellent essay writingowavpreheas1987http://www.blogger.com/profile/17076737173665807838noreply@blogger.comBlogger152125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4058572933116895724.post-56547530106284824692020-08-24T07:25:00.001-07:002020-08-24T07:25:06.092-07:00Presidents Poverty free essay sampleAnalyzes financial strategies neediness projects of Democrats Kennedy Johnson Republicans Reagan Bush. The unique social strategies and projects of the Kennedy/Johnson period and the Reagan/Bush time exhibit the various perspectives wherein these organizations saw poor people. Kennedy/Johnson policymakers viewed the poor as defective and unpracticed, needing government help to enter the standard and acclimatize societys hard working attitude. Reagan/Bush policymakers viewed the poor as casualties of government overindulgence, whose solitary trust in independence was by weaning them from the administration give. Social arrangements and projects keep on going under serious assault as officials look for intends to control the countrys spiraling government shortage. An assessment of the objectives and social speculations fundamental the arrangements and projects of the Kennedy/Johnson and Reagan/Bush organizations exhibits why the prickly issue of destitution owavpreheas1987http://www.blogger.com/profile/17076737173665807838noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4058572933116895724.post-55707886539850338032020-08-22T00:49:00.001-07:002020-08-22T00:49:38.061-07:00The Move :: Personal Narrative Moving EssaysThe Move Summer of 2000, my folks concluded we should move to California. From Georgia to California, East Coast to West Coast. I don't think my mother truly needed to move. It was my Dajiââ¬â¢s (Dadââ¬â¢s oldest sibling) flaw. He and his child purchased an inn in Morro Bay, California. Daji needed my father to assist him with running it(the inn). So with the end goal for that to occur, we would all need to move. My mother was not accompanying my father, sister and me, at this time. We despite everything had our home and my mother despite everything had her activity. We required the salary. We were going to head to California in our white Nissan Previa. As we went through the southern states, my mother got news from Zambia, where her family lives, saying that my granddad had a respiratory failure. So now my mother was not going to be coming to California when she was assume to. I would have been mother less for longer than I was happy to be. I cried and cried (despondently). I know my f ather felt bad(horrible about what he was doing) yet he was unable to tell his more established sibling no. Every one of those imbecilic regard rules. In our way of life, that is the Indian culture, we should regard our older folks, regardless of whether that implies doing things we would prefer not to do, but(I accept) some of the time you can say no. We drove the remainder of the best approach to California. We remained at the inn, the one my Daji purchased. It had a loft connected to it. The loft had two rooms, a kitchen, lounge room, lounge area, and a full shower. My sister and I shared one of the rooms, my cousin and his better half had the other room, my father dozed in the front room and my auntie and uncle dozed in one of the inn rooms. We detested it. Back home we had our own rooms, our own space. My sister and I were not exceptionally close as of now, so it was hard to share and discussion about what was going on. We didn't care for it(the thought of moving) generally on the grounds that we were away from our companions, our reality and above all our mother. (at the point when we got to California we must be selected school. So we went to the nearest school My father took us to the school, which was thirty minutes from where we lived, in a totally unique town. owavpreheas1987http://www.blogger.com/profile/17076737173665807838noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4058572933116895724.post-3140771680195651722020-07-18T14:28:00.001-07:002020-07-18T14:28:03.056-07:00Al-Anon Meeting Topics for BeginnersAl-Anon Meeting Topics for Beginners More in Addiction Coping and Recovery Methods and Support Overcoming Addiction Personal Stories Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Nicotine Use Most Al-Anon Family Groups meetings are topic discussion meetings. This means the person who is leading the meeting, the chairperson, chooses a topic related to the experience of dealing with a friend or family member who has a problem with alcoholism. Sometimes the chairperson will ask the group if anyone has a topic they would like the group to discuss. After a topic is chosen, then those who are at the meeting can share their experience, strength, and hope regarding that specific topic. Topics for Meetings Below are some of the topics that seem to be of most interest to those who are newcomers to Al-Anon Family Groups, or who want to learn more about the program and learn how to deal with their alcoholic friends or relatives. Buddy T. shares topics discussed through 19 years of Al-Anon Chat Meetings. Newcomers are welcome, especially at the Al-Anon Beginners Chat Friday nights. These topics are suitable for live meetings as well. Acceptance How have you learned to tell the difference between those things that you can change and those you cant regarding living with an alcoholic? Discuss what accepting that you are powerless over alcohol means to you. Alcoholism as a Disease Accepting alcoholism as a disease can help you understand how the alcoholic goes through cycle after cycle of swearing off alcohol but returning to his or her same habit days later. Explore that topic. Dealing With Anger You may get mixed messages about anger in your household. Are you told to control your anger but others in the family are allowed to explode violently? At Al-Anon, you learn that anger is a natural and normal emotion. Being angry is okay, its what you do with the anger that makes a difference. Changing Attitudes The Al-Anon meeting opening statement says, So much depends on our own attitudes, and as we learn to place our problem in its true perspective we find it loses its power to dominate our thoughts and our lives. What attitude is dominating your life? Dealing With Change The principles you learn in Al-Anon Family Groups can help deal with changes as they come in life - sometimes major changes. You may not be able to change the circumstances any, but you can change your attitude about the situation. Choices You have choices. You have to accept the things you cannot change. You do not have to accept unacceptable behavior. You have the right to make decisions that are in your best interestâ"to decide not to be around alcoholic behavior and to walk away from fights and arguments. And to decide to no longer participate in the insanity of others. Have you found the courage to make those kinds of decisions? Control Issues Do you have control issues? If you step in and try to solve problems for others you rob them of the dignity of being able to make their own mistakes and learn from them. Are you learning to let go and let God? Courage to Change Courage to change is not something that comes naturally to those who grew up in alcoholic homes. You may have found yourself being comfortable in relationships that were not only not healthy but downright sick. In order for all that to change, you have to seek courage from an outside source. Dealing With Crises Are you able to deal with major crises but find yourself driven crazy by the small, everyday ones? Resources for Families of Alcoholics Denial Are you frustrated by the blatant denial of an alcoholic, who wont admit that his or her behavior is causing problems, damaging and destroying others? Have you learned that it isnt your job to convince that person they are in denial, turning that over to a power greater than yourself? Detachment Learning how to detach can be difficult. When the alcoholic gets into a crisis, do you want to rush in and save the day? This can be the exact opposite of what you should do to get that person point of reaching out for help. Enabling Some of the things that you do to try to help the alcoholic are the very things that are enabling her to continue in her dysfunctional behavior. Are You Enabling an Alcoholic? Unreasonable Expectations Are your expectations not reasonable at all when you are dealing with an alcoholic? You may be setting yourself up for disappointment and frustration until you learn to adjust your expectations closer to reality. Emptiness Emptiness is that loneliness that comes with living with and trying to love someone who was just not there. Someone who doesnt care about anything else but alcohol. Have you tried to fill that void with less than healthy things? A Family Disease You may have come to Al-Anon thinking the alcoholic was the only one who was exhibiting insane behavior. But when you focus on yourself, you may realize that some of your behavior and thinking are also off-kilter. Thats why they call alcoholism a family disease. Fear of Abandonment Are you afraid or even terrified of being alone or abandoned? Do you go to any lengths to hold on to a relationship, no matter how unhealthy or harmful because you are afraid of not ever being able to have another one? Focus on Ourselves One of the 12 Traditions of Al-Anon states that we have no opinion on outside issues. Someone elses drinking or behavior is an outside issue. How do you keep the focus on your spiritual journey of recovery and not on anyone elses behavior? Forgiveness It seems to be one of those spiritual truths that before you can be forgiven, you must first forgive. That seems to be the way God always does it, puts the ball in your court and waits for you to make the first move. God does not require you to feel like forgiving, only that you forgive. By doing so, by taking that first step, even just faking it until you make it even, then God is able to give you a forgiving heart. Gratitude Do you find yourself feeling sorry for yourself? A suggestion is to sit down and write out a gratitude list. It is amazing how that really works to chase away the gloom. Growing One Day at a Time Do you work on your Al-Anon program every day? Do you see how that keeps you making progress, or at least prevents the worst backward slides? Honesty Do you have difficulty with the honesty part of the program? After years of covering up and keeping secrets, it can be hard to be open and honest. Keep It Simple It may sound like a trite saying, but there is a lot of wisdom in the suggestion to keep it simple. Let Go and Let God Are you practicing the principle of letting go and letting God in relation to living with an alcoholic, but also in dealing with many other things? Live and Let Live Learning it is okay to live your life without it revolving around an alcoholic can be new territory. How can you learn to live and let live? Looking After You When you start looking after yourself first and addressing your problems, you arent contributing as much to the chaos and confusion. The alcoholic can stop reacting to your efforts to control them. You wont be stopping them from drinking, but your situation and attitude will be changed. Mind Your Own Business At Al-Anon, somebody elses drinking is none of your business, You are not responsible for someone elses choices. The shame and the embarrassment caused by their behavior doesnt belong to you, it belongs to them. If they decide to make choices that are bad for them, it is not a reflection on how good a parent, or friend, or spouse, or sponsor you are. They have the right to make their own mistakes and, hopefully, learn from them. You can only do my part right, share your experience, strength, and hope when its appropriate to do so. One Day at a Time The slogan one day at a time sounds like another one of those trite sayings that are overused, but there really is a lot of wisdom in reminding yourself to not live in the past or project the future, but deal with the here and now. Powerless You may have come to Al-Anon never once thinking you were powerless, that there was something you could do to cause the alcoholic to wake up and finally admit there was a problem. Step 1 is admitting you are powerless over alcohol. Dealing With Rejection Do you have difficulty handling rejection in any form? Do you have to find a way to fix any disagreement? Restoration to Sanity Step 2 says we came to believe a power greater than ourselves could restore us to sanity. Have you accepted that you are insane and need that help? Or do you still maintain that only the alcoholic is the crazy one? Self Esteem Do you have problems with self-confidence or feeling that you really belong? Serenity You can become addicted to excitement when you live with an alcoholic. Crises, problems, grief, abuse, chaos, anything but boredom. How can you accept the gift of serenity? Trust Trust is a problem when you first come into Al-Anon. All the lies, the betrayals, and the secrets can leave your heart broken and hardened. Have you begun to learn to trust yourself and others? Understanding and Encouragement Part of Al-Anons primary purpose is to offer understanding and encouragement to the alcoholic. Unreasonable Without Knowing It It says in the Al-Anon meeting opening statement, Our thinking becomes distorted by trying to force solutions, and we become irritable and unreasonable without knowing it. Can you really become unreasonable and not even know it? Dealing With Verbal Abuse It difficult it is to detach when the disease is in your face screaming! When the alcoholic is accusing, cursing, raging, dominating, manipulating, or controlling, it makes detachment with love seem almost impossible. How have you learned to detach during these episodes? How the Alcoholic Mindset Affects Families owavpreheas1987http://www.blogger.com/profile/17076737173665807838noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4058572933116895724.post-2012613670521962312020-05-21T19:00:00.001-07:002020-05-21T19:00:03.249-07:00Essay about The Loss of Ethics and Trust in Corporations... Something that is widely down spread due to some of the current allegations within corporations is ethics and trust. Many individuals including myself look at shows such as Cops and Cheaters as drama and action but it is merely nothing more than ethics and trust right in front of our eyes. The effects of our daily lives not only affect us but so many others. I remember during high school that Enron, a huge corporation at the time, wasnââ¬â¢t doing so well and yet they had ââ¬Å"cooked the booksâ⬠. That means that basically that they were forging and falsify their records to perceive as if they were being successful. It is easy now to look back on it and say the company did it to seem attractive for potential investors. We know the outcome of theirâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦The internal controls were correctly monitored within the previous ninety days and have been reported on their findings. We must have a list of all deficiencies in the internal controls and informati on on any fraud that involves employees who are involved within the internal activities. The report must also include any major noteworthy changes in internal controls that could have a negative impact on the internal controls. (Barth, 2012) Section 401 includes disclosers in the periodic reports. Financial statements which are published by issuers are required to be accurate and presented in a manner that does not falsify or not disclose any significant state material. These financial statements shall also include all out of balance obligations or transactions. The Commission was required to study and report on the extent of off-balance transactions resulting transparent reporting. The Commission is also required to determine whether generally accepted accounting principles or other regulations result in open and meaningful reporting by issuers. (Barth, 2012) Section 404 is what many refer to as the most complicated, most contested, and most expensive to implementation of all the Sarbanes Oxley Act sections. ââ¬Å"All annual financial reports must include an Internal Control Report stating that management is responsible for an adequateShow MoreRelatedThe Rise of Enron Essay examples1632 Words à |à 7 Pageswas considered to be one of the most notorious and compelling business ethics cases in modern generations. Itââ¬â¢s was a textbook version of what can go wrong in an organization that lacks a true culture of ethical standards. Investors and the media once considered Enron to be the company of the future, but as its demise suggests, it was in reality not a particularly modern business organization, especially in its approach to ethics. The corporate actions that led to Enrons demise were not only theRead MoreEthics and Information Security Essay1125 Words à |à 5 PagesEthics and Online Source Information What is Ethics? In my opinion, ethics give people free will to make right choices. People have free will to make choices that are governed with responsibility, accountability, and liability. We have a responsibility to perform in an ethical manner and be accountable for our choices or actions. Regardless of the circumstances and choices we make, there are consequences if we make the wrong choice. The question of whether an action or choice is ethical or notRead MoreThe Ethics Of An Ethical Officer1074 Words à |à 5 Pagessubject of business ethics, as well as its importance to businesses and organizations. However despite this, there has not been much written on exactly how businesses should be ensuring ethical practices are being implemented. One proposal to help businesses manage the ethical problems and issues that arise with large business was the creation of a role to handle ethical issues and problems that may occur within the organization. That role became what is now known as an ethics of ficer. The job ofRead MoreWhat Is Ethical Leadership?948 Words à |à 4 Pagesleadership? Before answering the question, let s look at the definition of ethics and leadership. According to the Oxford dictionary ethics is defined as moral principles that govern a persons or groups behavior. Moreover, the Oxford Dictionary defines the word leadership as follow ââ¬Å"the action of leading a group of individuals or an organization. Ethical and moral leadership are related to concepts such as trust, honesty, consideration and more. Daniel Palmer notes that good leadershipRead MoreThe Sarbanes Oxley Act Of 20021530 Words à |à 7 Pagesmoney they invested into the company. This chart shows that the share price dropped from $84 per share to $0.01 per share in about ten months. It seems like not a big deal, but in reality people usually buy hundreds of shares in a company, so that loss of $84 can calculate to about $25,200 if a person has 300 shares lost. This chart shows how quickly the money was lost and how badly it affected the people who owned shares of Enron. After the Enron scandal the government had created a new law calledRead MoreMarketing And Distribution Strategies Of Wyndham Worldwide1627 Words à |à 7 PagesSITUATIONS Wyndham Worldwide Corporation (WYN) is a hospitality products and service provider company headquartered in Parsippany, New Jersey . Operating globally, the company offers business customers and individual consumers a wide array of hospitality services and products as well as accommodation alternatives through its premier portfolio of globally renowned brands (McKenzie, 2015). Trammel Crow founded the company in 1981 under the name Wyndham Hotel Corporation. Since its foundation, the companyRead MoreChild Labor Ethical Dilema1357 Words à |à 6 PagesBombay, and other far-flung regions throughout the world. As the world becomes smaller and the global marketplace increases, companies have been establishing plants in nations in which the labor costs are cheap. While many deride this practice as a loss of jobs in the home market of the company, others argue that consumers are demanding less expensive goods. This demand for less expensive, same-quality goods, is resulting in new plan ts in third-world nations, or outsourcing to companies who can provideRead MoreThe Role Of Research, Technology Transfer, And Non-Core Education928 Words à |à 4 Pagessecond-class, low-paid instructors, and the funds have been diverted to other programs. Conflicts of interest can arise in continuing-education courses, for example, those offered by medical schools where nearly one-third of the expenses are paid by corporations who want their brands prominently featured. Although med schools deny it, such corporate money brings pressure to present certain findings and not others or to concentrate on certain treatments (for example, ones requiring drugs) to the exclusionRead MoreEssay on The Consequences of Bad Business Decisions1304 Words à |à 6 Pagespursue capitalism to its fullest potential. In doing so, business leaders have lost their values and ethics, and make bad business decisions. The downfalls of a company are the consequence of C.E.O.s bad decisions. According to Marjaana Kopperi business ethics, can simply be defined in terms of social and ecological responsibility of business. According to this definition, business ethics requires that business decisions should not be made exclusively from the narrow, economical perspectiveRead MoreWe Must Not Allow Wealthy Donors to Control U.S. Politics Essay1513 Words à |à 7 Pagesresponsibility and ethics in Washington or CREW, a non-profit legal watchdog group dedicated in holding public officials accountable for their actions, about seventeen members of the past congress member were listed for most corrupt. The political scandals we hear about are usually swept under the rug but affect large numbers of the populations through insane budget cuts and constrains. Middle and lower socials class are the ones who take the hits in economical inflations and loss of employment. Such owavpreheas1987http://www.blogger.com/profile/17076737173665807838noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4058572933116895724.post-1258394157325438532020-05-06T23:41:00.001-07:002020-05-06T23:41:07.148-07:00The Origin and Development of Basketball Essay - 524 Words The Origin and Development of Basketball The game of basketball was created by a gentlemen name of Dr. James Naimsmith on 1861. He was born on Ontario, Canada. He brings the game up when he was working as a teacher on the Young Men Christian Association Training School. Naimsmith created the game to keep the kids in good condition, and wanted to find an activity that could be played indoors on the winter months. Basketball is a popular sport, between two teams. Each of them has 5 players and competes against each other for the highest scores. The game involved elements of football, soccer, and hockey the first game was actually played with a soccer ball. The goals were made of wooden peach baskets placed on the wall. Teams consisted ofâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦In 1939 this gap was increased from 2 feet to the present 4 feet to allow for more movement underneath the basket. The first game of basketball were played with soccer balls. However, they proved to be unsuitable for dribbling and ball handling. The first manufac tured basketballs were produced in 1894 by a bicycle manufacturing company. In the late 1890s Spalding took over as the official ball maker. In 1905 the choice of basketballs was left up to the teams. Because of their inability to maintain their shape and their laces, these early brown leather basketballs were hard to dribble. In 1929 basketballs were re-designed for more bounce and with concealed laces which eliminated erratic bounces. The balls were bigger, lighter and easier to handle. In 1942 molded basketballs that maintained a constant shape and size replaced the stitched balls. In 1967 the American Basketball Association (ABA) played with a red, white and blue basketball. Today, the WNBA and FIBA use contrasting panels. The mens ball is 30 in circumference and the smaller womens ball is 29 in circumference. As you can see the game of Basketball has changed a lot. Now you can see all those changes on the different teams in all leagues around the world. I considered it that Ba sketball has evolved compare with the past. You can see the different on uniforms, courts, balls, shoes, etcâ⬠¦ During the last years the game of Basketball has became very popular, has been used on schoolShow MoreRelatedEssay about The Origin of the Game of Basketball1391 Words à |à 6 Pagesor professional basketball game, although, few actually know where or how this widely popular sport was created. From this paper, one will acquire information about the origin of the game of basketball, how the game has evolved over time, and basketball as a business. ââ¬Å"The two questions that I am most commonly asked when I am discussing basketball with persons whom I have just met are, How did you come to think of it? and What changes have taken place in the game since its origin?â⬠â⬠(Naismith 61)Read MoreHistory of Basketball848 Words à |à 4 PagesHistory of Basketball Basketball has been around for over 100 years, and from the very beginning to now, the sport has come a long way. Basketball is extremely popular around the world, it is a court game played by two teams of five players each. The object is to put a ball through a hoop, or basket, and thus score more points than the opposing team (Naismith). Today there is the NBA as the professional league and colleges all across America has picked up the game of basketball also. TodayRead MoreCurrent Issue Of Sport : Globalization1307 Words à |à 6 Pagessuccess or not. For instance, by the effect of the saturated North American market, National Basketball Association (NBA) begun to expand its new market to Asia. This broad strategy assisted NBA making a brilliant achievement in popularizing its product in China: ââ¬Å"For China, the NBA spent two decades building courts, teaching youth the game, and hosting promotions. Now over 300 million people in China play basketball. The league notes that 89% of Chinese aged 15 to 54 are aware of the NBA brand and NBARead MoreEssay about The Origin Of Basketball And I1572 Words à |à 7 Pages Over the years since basketball was invented, its popularity has gotten very big. The game is played all over the world and has made a lot of people rich through its many professional leagues. The National Basketball Association is, by far, the most popular league in the world, but a lot of people like to watch college, high school, and recreational basketball as much. The game of basketball is one of the most popular and exciting games to watch or play on any skill level. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;InRead MoreImportant Sports in the Society of The United States Essay1142 Words à |à 5 Pages Sports are important in the society of the United States. Sports promote and motivate the development of physical fitness and sports participation for all Americans of all ages. The four major sports are most popular in the United States ; American football, Basketball, Baseball, and Ice Hockey. They are all enjoyed by not only americans, but also people in all around the world. Especially sports are associated with education in the United States. Most high schools and universities organizedRead MoreHiv And Aids : Aids1606 Words à |à 7 Pagesprimates. These will be discussed on the next slide. Since HIV is a lentivirus and symptoms do not appear right away a person will look fine on the outside with possible ââ¬Å"flu-likeâ⬠symptoms, but what is really happening is in oneââ¬â¢s immune system (Origin of HIV AIDS, 2014). FIRST OUTBREAK As I mentioned on the previous slide, HIV has two strands HIV 1 and HIV 2. These strands differentiate between two different types of primates who are thought to have caused the initial spread of this diseaseRead MoreBritish American Influence on Australia1015 Words à |à 5 Pagesand Family Ties rated highly, along with crime dramas like Magnum P.I. and Miami Vice. Entertainment plays a significant role in forming the culture, beliefs and values of a nation. A strong entertainment industry, therefore, is important to the development of a strong national identity. American words heard on movies, TV etc have buried themselves deep within the Australian language e.g. bro, dude chill out, cool By 1980, there were 105 McDonalds stores throughout the Australia. These outletsRead MoreMental Illness And Its Effects On Your Mood, Thinking, And Behavior1432 Words à |à 6 Pagesstarted shooing him away as if he was some sort of pest. I felt horrible for him and the way he was treated but I couldnââ¬â¢t do anything about it also being a young boy watching from the window. Sociology the science or study of the origin, development, organization, and functioning of human society; the science of the fundamental laws of social relations, institutions, etc. Discrimination Discrimination is defined as the unfair treatment of different categories of people, especially onRead MoreMarketing Mix of Ea Sports990 Words à |à 4 Pagesor basketball games based on both NBA Live and Madden NFL. The earlier titles released until 1996 are referred by fans as the classic series. There are several other series, including F1 Championship (discontinued after Sony acquired the exclusive license for the Formula 1 championship), Super bike and others with a limited distribution such as AFL PRODUCT LINE amp; PRODUCT MIX IS DETAILED BELOW:- Place : ââ¬â Original HQ in San Mateo, California moved to Redwood City in 1998 Origin SystemsRead MoreGender Differences Between Women And Men Speak981 Words à |à 4 Pagesââ¬Å"Sex Differencesâ⬠is an essay written by a professor of linguistics named Ronald Macaulay. In the essay, he pointed out that there were no gender differences regarding to language development. He talked about various stereotypes about how men and women speak. He also explains in depth about how social environment made an impact on the talking between men and women. He also concluded that those linguists who still believe in that theory only continue to do so even if what they found in their research owavpreheas1987http://www.blogger.com/profile/17076737173665807838noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4058572933116895724.post-75883071582639105052020-05-06T08:24:00.001-07:002020-05-06T08:24:26.996-07:00Love and Relationships Updates Free Essays Communication is the key to maintaining a healthy relationship. Taking serves to nurture your relationship and prevents problems or issues from festering. â⬠Working things out is part of every relationship and everyone will do it differently. We will write a custom essay sample on Love and Relationships Updates or any similar topic only for you Order Now Many would have never been that serious when it comes to knowing more about how relationships work and how will it ever go well. Hereââ¬â¢s how to deal with conflicts and how to manage your relationships. Learn to manage your time. If you really love the person you are in a relationship with, you should never forget that time is very much important when it comes to relationships. Remember that some people feel important when they are given time. To spend time on something thoroughly and effectively, takes time. And while this sounds redundant, it is a fundamental truth: to take time, takes time. Therefore, knowing how to use time effectively is essential. Use healthy communication to resolve conflicts. Try to see things from each otherââ¬â¢s point of view. Negotiate in times of disagreements; understand that you cannot win at all times. Listen without judging. Stick to issues and do not attack the person, his beliefs or even his culture. Accept each otherââ¬â¢s uniqueness. Realize that your differences enrich your relationship. Donââ¬â¢t sweat the small stuffs out. ââ¬Å"Accept my supposed quirkiness as a woman and Iââ¬â¢ll be accepting yours as a man. â⬠as others would usually put in. From the start, build a foundation based on respect and apprec- iation of each otherââ¬â¢s characteristics. Explore each otherââ¬â¢s differences and interests and build them to make your relationship as a couple stronger. Donââ¬â¢t drag about the past. You see, PAST is PAST. You should never go back to it anymore because it is done. All you have to do is just to learn from it and prevent your mistakes and continue doing what is simply right. Take time to reflect on your own history as a third party looking in without judgment: simply observe. Understand that you are not your past. Understand that the situations and patterns and people in your life created your experiences, they didnââ¬â¢t create you. Knowing and understanding your past and some of your patterns will help you to recognize why you hold on and repeat self-destructive behaviors. Understanding creates awareness; awareness helps you break the cycle. Build your trust. Trust is the treasure of our daily lives. However, we do not understand its value. It is generally seen that trust in our daily lives is disappearing fast. Why have we become so suspicious that we can never enter into meaningful relationships with each other? Why can we not behave as normal human beings? After all when we were born as human beings the first lesson we learnt was that we should trust each other. However, as our lives progressed slowly, trust began to diminish. Our childhood innocence gave way to calculations in which there was no place for trust. Trust in each other gives strength and vitality to our relationships. It gives us inner happiness, which is priceless. It brings joy all around and life appears brighter and brighter . Its fragrance spreads far and wide. When you trust each other you feel self-confident. Trusting each other gives us a sense of deep bonding. It signifies that we are united to fight the battles ahead. It is indeed the communication in which relationships rely into. Without proper understanding and communication, a relationship can either deteriorate or be simply gone in a blink. The reason why most relationships couldnââ¬â¢t gone farther and longer is because they cannot talk about their problems, and egoistic people always are egoistic. Nobody wants to go under the other. Love is never about one but is about two or more hearts bind together as ONE. Love thinks less of oneself and it always gives and protects the other. Whenever we think that we are going wrong in love, we should never forget of the definition or should we say real definition of love in the Bible, itââ¬â¢s I Corinthians 13. How to cite Love and Relationships Updates, Papers owavpreheas1987http://www.blogger.com/profile/17076737173665807838noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4058572933116895724.post-57839120830403317032020-04-25T23:43:00.001-07:002020-04-25T23:43:03.266-07:00Queen Elizabeth and Queen Victoria an Example of the Topic History Essays byQueen Elizabeth and Queen Victoria: Their Similarities and Differences Queen Elizabeth has become a legend of monarchy in her own lifetime. She is referred to as the Golden Age of England because it was considered to many as a time of great achievement and prosperity. She is famed by her abilities and achievements as she became a model to her very own people (Robin Chew, 2008). Need essay sample on "Queen Elizabeth and Queen Victoria: Their Similarities and Differences" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Our Customers Often Tell EssayLab writers: Who wants to write assignment for me? Professional writers recommend: Here Is Your Life Vest! Essay Writing Helper Write My Essay Online Essay Paper Writing Service Best Essay Writing Service Elizabeth's life was troubled because she is an unwanted daughter of King Henry VIII. Her father wanted to have a son with his second missus which is Anne Boleyn but Anne failed, she gave birth to Elizabeth instead. Elizabeth was born on 7 September 1533 at Greenwich Palace. Her birth was possibly the greatest disappointment of her father's life. He had wanted a son and heir to succeed him as he already had a daughter, Mary, by his first missus, Katherine of Aragon. He had not divorced Katherine, and changed the religion of the country in the process, to have only another daughter. Elizabeth's early life was consequently troubled. Her mater failed to provide the King with a son and was executed on false charges of incest and adultery on 19 May 1536. Anne's marriage to the King was declared null and void, and Elizabeth, with her half-sister, Mary, was declared illegitimate. Her father's killing of her succeeding stepmothers traumatized Elizabeth. There was Jane Seymour, the third mate r, who died after giving birth to the King's only son, Edward. When the king died in the January of 1547, and his young son became King Edward VI, but he is still nine years old at that time so Edward Seymour, became Protector of England. Then the throne goes to Mary then to Elizabeth's succession. Queen Elizabeth I was crowned Queen on Sunday 15th January 1559. In the months that followed, the new Queen re-established the Protestant Church and restored the debased coinage. Queen Elizabeth I ruled from 1558 to 1603. She was the last of the Tudor monarchs. Elizabeth was impatient to become queen; she had, after all, both a brother and a sister before her in the queue to the throne. Yet Queen she became and to many historians she is the greatest monarch that England has ever had. When Elizabeth became Queen she was faced with several dilemmas. Firstly she was not married, and again the question of the succession rises. Would Elizabeth be the baked bean Elizabeth who persecuted the Catholics or be a peacemaker and allow people to have personal choice? There was also the problem of her sister's husband, Phillip. As King of Spain he was a fearsome foe and he had a bleedin' smashing bagsie to the throne. More worryingly he was intent on keeping England Catholic. This meant that war w as likely. Elizabeth's success as a Queen is a measure of how well she overcame each of these problems. There was war with Spain. England defeated the Spanish Armada and became a world power as a result. Explorations into the Americas and a dog's bollocks deal of legitimized piracy saw England become wealthier. The Religious persecutions ended: Elizabeth's reign saw just for executions for heresy as compared to the 280 in Mary's reign. The problem of marriage and the succession was one that was not overcome. There are many theories as to why Elizabeth chose not to marry and many names of supposed husbands to be. Elizabeth did manage to use these for political advantage however, playing the Spanish of against other major powers. She also managed to contain the catholic threat to her monarchy. Mary Stuart, queen of Ecosse and a claimant to the pommy throne, was forced to beg Elizabeth to protect her. She was later executed after being implicated in a plot to overthrow Elizabeth. At the end of her reign Queen Elizabeth ruled over an England that was stronger politically and wealthier than it had been four hundreds of years. England 's ruled the waves and was a major world force. She died at Richmond Palace on the 24th March 1603. Until Her death Elizabeth never had a husband or was married and did also have no children. (Elizabeth I Biography, 2008) Alexandrina Victoria was the only wean of the fourth son of King George III: Edward, Duke of Kent, fourth son of George III. Her mater was Victoria Maria Louisa of Saxe-Coburg, sister of King Leopold of the Belgians. Victoria became heiress apparent of the British crown. Her father died right after her birth. She became heir to the throne because of her three uncles; George IV, Frederick Duke of York, and William IV, of which they do not have a legitimate children who survived. She became Queen of Stonking, Britain. She was crowned the next year. During her reign, it was associated with Britain's great age of economic progress, industrial expansion and empire. She tested the limits of her royal powers when the government of Lord Melbourne, her Prime Minister, who had been her mentor, fell the next year. She refused to follow precedent and dismissed her ladies of the bedchamber so that the Tory government could replace em. Her refusal brought back the Whigs until 1841. She'd met her cousin, Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, when they were both seventeen. When they were twenty, he returned to England, and Victoria, in love with him, proposed marriage. They were married on February 10, 1840. Their first child, a daughter, was born in November 1840, and the Prince of Wales, Edward, in 1841. Three more sons and four more daughters followed. Victoria had traditional views on the role of the barney rubble and strife and mater, and though she was Queen and Albert was Prince Consort, he shared government responsibilities at least equally. His death in 1861 devastated her; her prolonged mourning lost her much popularity (Sachar L.,1989) Eventually coming out of seclusion, she maintained an active role in government until her death in 1901. Her reign, the longest of any British monarch, was marked by waxing and waning popularity -- and suspicions that she preferred the Germans a bit too much always diminished her popularity somewhat. By the time she had assumed the throne, the British monarchy was more figurehead and influence than it was a direct power in the government, and her long reign did little to change that. During her lifetime she published her Letters, Leaves from the Journal of our Life in the Highlands and More Leaves. The marriage of her daughters into other royal families, and the likelihood that her children bore a mutant gene for hemophilia, both affected the following generations of European history. (about.com, 2008) Monarchy has really been the dog's bollocks role in the United Kingdom. The queens, kings, prince and princes have a dog's bollocks influence to the people. Monarchy system of government in which one person reigns, usually a king or queen. The authority, or crown, in a monarchy is generally inherited. The ruler, or monarch, is often only the head of state, not the head of government. An example of this kind of government is the United Kingdom. Queen Elizabeth is one of the monarch of England as well as with Queen Victoria. These two queens have notice cultures just fancy Queen Victoria who really give a sterling importance to the morality of herself and her people while Queen Elizabeth have freedom of the British people to choose their own religion and to eradicate catholic persecution, the bring back the pride of the country. They are same y because the both of em possess noice culture. But they r different from the kind of life that they hae, because Queen Victoria hae a more peaceful and chuffed childhood even though she's been trough to a lot of circumstances. Queen Elizabeth is full of troble from the day she was born because her doesn't fancy her and she's also been through to a lot of stepmothers. In terms wars they r also different because during Queen Victoria's time they encountered a war because they wanted Transvaal to be their extension or they conducted the war 4 the sake of their own. While during the time Q ueen Elizabeth war was encountered by the people of engerland because they just want to be free. from Spain, who treat em unkindly. Economy is bleedin' important to a certain gaff because these queen hae a sterling abilities to rule so they've rise the economic condition of engerland during their times. Their legacies hae also influence the people until thes modern times. For the baked bean Elizabeth I established an pommy church that helped shape a national identity and remains in gaff today. And 4 Queen Victoria she reign marked the gradual establishment of modern constitutional monarchy. The monarchs really hae the power among the people of his kingdom, but we also hae the right to fight 4 our rights. References Robin Chew.(1995). Elizabeth I the Queen of England. Retrieved March 13, 2008 from http://www.lucidcafe.com/library/95sep/elizabeth.html Sachar.A.L(1989) Victoria, Queen In the New Book of Knowledge(Vol.19,pp.332) Wikipedia. (2008). Boer War. Retrieved March 13, 2008 Retrieved fromhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boer_War Wikipedia(2007).Victoria of United Kingdom. Retrieved March 13, 2008 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_of_the_United_Kingdom (2005).American British Translator. (2007).Elizabeth Queen of England. (2008). Elizabeth Boigraphy. owavpreheas1987http://www.blogger.com/profile/17076737173665807838noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4058572933116895724.post-45491185345015114842020-03-18T13:32:00.001-07:002020-03-18T13:32:03.256-07:00Why, in Tocquevilles view, wa essaysWhy, in Tocquevilles view, wa essays The French Revolution sought to destroy entirely the institutions of the ancien rgime. Whilst its success in doing so is debatable, there is little doubt that this was the aim of the revolutionaries. The reasons for this goal are numerous, but certainly their ambition for destruction is linked in some way to the state of feudalism immediately before the Revolution, for the nobility continued to enjoy the trappings of feudalism, without experiencing the responsibilities. The improving conditions in France for the bourgeoisie and the peasantry also played a part in the violently destructive nature of the Revolution, because they became more aware of the injustices of the system. The state also had a role to play, in teaching the masses just how corrupt the regime was. In the old regime, la fodalit tait demeure la plus grande de toutes nos institutions civiles en cessant dà ªtre une institution politique. The prerogatives of the lord remained and the peasant still felt the burden of feudal dues thus feudalism remained a civil institution. However, the power and authority of the lord over the peasant was curbed considerably by the growth of administrative centralisation, for a central authority seriously restricted the lords jurisdictional powers. Furthermore, the French peasant was now a landowner, with a fierce passion for his potential to expand and for his independence. He saw only oppression, but as the lord abandoned his traditional protectoral role, he received no benefits from it. Feudal dues represented a former degradation, and the legitimacy of the lords power was no longer believed in. Therefore, feudalism did not remain a political institution. Quand la noblesse possde non seulement des privileges, mais des pouvoirs, quand elle gouve rne et administer, ses droits particuliers peuvent à ªtre tout la fois plus grands et moins aper... owavpreheas1987http://www.blogger.com/profile/17076737173665807838noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4058572933116895724.post-23199795859781640572020-03-02T05:18:00.001-08:002020-03-02T05:18:02.689-08:00Inspirational Quotes About TeacherInspirational Quotes About Teacher Do you remember a teacher who inspired you? Do you want to thank that teacher for her or his selfless service? Here is your chance. Pick an inspirational quote for your teacher from this page and send it as a special message for your teacher. Each inspirational quote lauds the efforts of good teachers. Martin HeideggerTeaching is more difficult than learning because what teaching calls for is this: to let learn. The real teacher, in fact, lets nothing else be learned than learning. His conduct, therefore, often produces the impression that we properly learn nothing from him, if by learning we now suddenly understand merely the procurement of useful information.AnonymousIf you can read this, thank a teacher.Albert EinsteinIt is the supreme art of the teacher to awaken joy in creative expression and knowledge.John GarrettThe job of a teacher is to excite in the young a boundless sense of curiosity about life, so that the growing child shall come to apprehend it with an excitement tempered by awe and wonder.Edmond H. FischerIt is commonly said that a teacher fails if he has not been surpassed by his students.David E. PriceThe impending teacher shortage is the most critical education issue we will face in the next decade.Malcolm S. ForbesEducations purpose is to replace an empty mind w ith an open one. Morihei UeshibaStudy how water flows in a valley stream, smoothly and freely between the rocks. Also learn from holy books and wise people. Everything even mountains, rivers, plants and trees should be your teacher.Richard BachLearning is finding out what we already know. Doing is demonstrating that you know it. Teaching is reminding others that they know just as well as you. You are all learners, doers and teachers.Thomas H. HuxleySit down before fact as a little child, be prepared to give up every preconceived notion, follow humbly wherever or whatever abysses nature leads, or you will learn nothing. owavpreheas1987http://www.blogger.com/profile/17076737173665807838noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4058572933116895724.post-12702947472051981532020-02-14T20:42:00.001-08:002020-02-14T20:42:02.545-08:00Reasearch paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 wordsReasearch - Research Paper Example Another controversial issue that was facing Hemingway was in regard to his sexual orientation. This is controversial because Hemingway is known to have a deep hatred to the gay people; however, scholars denote that this was with the intention of hiding his sexual orientation. This is because Hemingway is suspected to have been a gay person. It is these types of controversies and issues surrounding the life of Hemingway that could have an impact in negatively affecting his career. This paper examines the controversial manner which Hemingway was able to depict women, and why this could negatively affect his career. Ernest Hemingway is a famous and talented American writer. However, most of his critics do not feel the same. This is because of his writing style, and the various controversies that Mr. Hemingway was able to have. On most occasions, Mr. Hemingway is always compared to famous authors such as William Faulkner and Scott Fitzergerald. However, he has a very different writing style, when it is compared to these famous authors. Furthermore, Mr. Hemingway has made enormous and great contribution to the modern fiction, when he is compared to the above mentioned authors (Boon, 27). However, this assertion is debatable, mainly because he has only a handful of novels and fictions to his name. This is when compared to the above authors, who dedicated most of their lives in writing fiction and novels. Furthermore, he was very particular in regard to his writing (Bloom, 31). He did not just come up with a story, but he analyzed the story carefully, and every sentence, and word, for purposes of e nsuring that the story under consideration would serve its function, and disseminate the intended message. Furthermore, the novels that Hemingway created were following a chronological order. The impact of this order is that the novels were boring, and very typical. For owavpreheas1987http://www.blogger.com/profile/17076737173665807838noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4058572933116895724.post-36890933886568607622020-02-02T00:42:00.001-08:002020-02-02T00:42:03.065-08:00Arab and Israel Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 wordsArab and Israel - Essay Example They way Israel reacts to these challenges will affect how western world perceives it and may determine whether peace in the Middle East will ever be a reachable goal. Tensions in the region have been high for decades but the Arab uprisings in the spring of 2011 have given cause for heightened concerns for Israel. Many countries in the Middle East such Tunisia, Libya and Egypt have dethroned their leaders and replaced them by democratic process. Syria has been in turmoil for over a year with no end to the bloody conflict expected soon. Egypt was an American ally and has honored its 1979 peace treaty with Israel but what the election of Mohamed Morsi, a member of the Muslim Brotherhood, will mean to peace is uncertain. Some fear the uprisings may encourage groups such as Hezbollah to the north, Fatah on the west and Hamas to the south to rise up against what they identify as their oppressor, Israel. The combination of recent and distant history may be putting the Israeli government on edge, so much so itââ¬â¢s possible they are overreacting to the latest events in Gaza. Arabs will tell you Israel has been in the habit of overreacting for a long time and present grim evidence in the form of body counts. It has been said that a two-state (Palestinian/Israeli) solution could have produced an enduring peace but no more. Israel has played the bully on the block for too long and no solution will likely ever be viable. A generation of Arabs, along with Persians in Iran and Muslims of all ethnic backgrounds, has witnessed Israelââ¬â¢s encroachment on lands and suppression of Arabs. They have grown up hating Zionists, not necessarily Jews in Israel. Zionist means to support the Jewish state of Israel. The actions and vitriolic words of the war-hawkish Netanyahu have only furthered the Arab mistrust of Israel. He is opposed to a Palestinian state, continues to expand Israeli borders by authorizing the building of owavpreheas1987http://www.blogger.com/profile/17076737173665807838noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4058572933116895724.post-78012550731546131432020-01-24T21:03:00.001-08:002020-01-24T21:03:02.650-08:00The Ten Commandments Should be Allowed In Schools Essay -- education, rIn todayââ¬â¢s society of ââ¬Å"political correctnessâ⬠, many issues arise between the interests of the many interests groups of the nation. One of the issues that continue to generate heated debate is the displaying of the Ten Commandments and other religious documents on government property. The issue of the Ten Commandments is one of the most heated discussions on the local and national stage today. Although there are many groups and individuals opposed to the displaying of the Ten Commandments and other religious objects as a violation against the separation of church and state and against the 1st amendment which is freedom of religion, the question asked by many others is; should religious objects including the Ten Commandments be permissible on government property? The answer is, yes, it should be. By law, according to history, and first amendment rights not being violated, the simple legality of the issue is without a doubt, a non-debatable issue. It is a permissible act of having the Ten Commandments and other religious objects on government property as long as it does not prove hostile or offensive toward anyone. It is not an endorsement of the Ten Commandments as being an ââ¬Å"authoritativeâ⬠document but rather an acceptance of the document as being a ââ¬Å"guide mapâ⬠or basis for many of the laws and issues in our present day society. The displaying of the Commandments is not intended as hostile but rather an acknowledgement that these requests, especially the last five Commandments, should be followed and used as a basis for law between men. With this issue being debated locally and nationally, and with the legal action that has been taken, it is still a very hotly debated issue, even after Supreme Court rulings and interpret... ...ber 1994. The Atlantic. 9 March 2011 . Sieff, Kevin. "washingtonpost.com." 11 February 2011. The Washington Post. 8 March 2011 . States, Supreme Court of the United. "supremecourt.gov." 25 February 2009. supremecourt.gov/opinions. 6 March 2011 . Sturgeon, Jeff. "2nd Va. school mired in Ten Commandments flap." 26 February 2011. Pilot Online.com. 7 March 2011 . Zimmerman, Mark. "Symbol of Enduring Freedom." March 2010. Columbia Magazine. 8 March 2011 . owavpreheas1987http://www.blogger.com/profile/17076737173665807838noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4058572933116895724.post-10949251357184402902020-01-16T17:26:00.001-08:002020-01-16T17:26:07.423-08:00Product SamsungThe current issue and full text archive of this journal is available at www. emeraldinsight. com/0309-0566. htm EJM 44,7/8 Consumer responses to brand extensions: a comprehensive model ? ? Eva Mart? nez and Jose M. Pina ? Facultad de Ciencias Economicas y Empresariales, The University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain Abstract Purpose ââ¬â This paper aims to understand the reciprocal spill-over effects of brand extensions by testing a comprehensive model that gathers both the brand extension evaluation process and the later in? uence on brand image. Design/methodology/approach ââ¬â Data were obtained from 699 face-to-face interviews conducted in Spain.Structural equation modelling was used to test the proposed hypotheses. Findings ââ¬â The results indicate that brand extensions have feedback effects on brand image depending on the attitude toward the new product and perceived image ? t. Consumer attitude depends, in turn, on initial brand associations, perceived category ? t, perceived image ? t and consumer innovativeness. Brand familiarity also shows indirect effects. Research limitations/implications ââ¬â The model should be tested with extensions of the same (line extensions) or different categories.It is also necessary to analyse non-? ctitious products, and to take different moderating effects into account. Practical implications ââ¬â The results suggest how to protect the brand image from unsuitable extension strategies. The paper shows what kind of perceived ? t is more important for consumers as well as the direct and indirect role of several variables. Originality/value ââ¬â The paper extends previous research by proposing a complete framework that considers the factors that in? uence either the attitude to the extension or the attitude to the extended brand.Samsung Distribution ChannelKeywords Brand extensions, Brand image, Brand equity, Consumer behaviour, Spain Paper type Research paper 1182 Received January 2008 Revised October 2008 January 2009 Accepted February 2009 Introduction Brand extension is a strategy that many companies follow with the aim of bene? ting from the brand knowledge achieved in the current markets (Aaker and Keller, 1990; Milberg et al. , 1997). When a new product is marketed under a well-known brand name, failure rates and marketing costs are reduced (Milewicz and Herbig, 1994; Keller, 2003). Keller (2003) states that more than 80 per cent of ? ms resort to brand extensions as a way of marketing goods and services. The support that the brand gives to the new product often leads to a change in the brand image associations. Both the affection and the speci? c knowledge associated with the brand and the new product are interchanged in the consumersââ¬â¢ mind (Czellar, 2003). European Journal of Marketing Vol. 44 No. 7/8, 2010 pp. 1182-1205 q Emerald Group Publishing Limited 0309-0566 DOI 10. 1108/03090561011047580 The authors would like to thank the following sources for their ? nanc ial help: CICYT (Ref: ?SEJ2005-02315) and Government of Aragon (ââ¬Å"GENERESâ⬠, Ref. S-09; ââ¬Å"PM0262/2006â⬠). They also gratefully acknowledge the constructive comments of the three anonymous EJM reviewers. This feedback process can increase the memory and strength of brand associations (Morrin, 1999; Aaker, 2002) and, thus, improve the positioning of the brand (Park et al. , 1986). Nevertheless, several authors indicate that the dilution of current beliefs is more likely (Tauber, 1988; Ries and Trout, 1993; John et al. , 1998). This dilution effect can take place even though the extension is not related to negative information (Morrin, 1999; ?Ahluwalia and Gurhan-Canli, 2000; Mart? nez and Pina, 2003). Virgin, for instance, is a company that has grown through extensions into the audiovisual sector, retailing, alcoholic drinks, passenger transport (by railway and air) and space tourism, among others. However, market research studies suggest that customersââ¬â¢ per ceptions of the Virgin brand mainly depend on the performance of the airline, which implies a constant threat of image dilution (Hughes, 2007). The in? uence of brand extension on brand image is explained by several theories, most of them coming from Psychology.According to the ââ¬Å"associative network theoryâ⬠, brand image may be understood as a mental scheme formed by a network of concepts (nodes) interconnected by linkages or associations (Anderson, 1983; Morrin, 1999). Park et al. (1993) explain that extensions which are coherent with the brand schema will not lead to image dilution (assimilation process). On the other hand, the brand schema will be modi? ed to accommodate examples that are far from current brand attitudes and beliefs (accommodation process). Following Weber and Crockerââ¬â¢s (1983) ? ork, Gurhan-Canli and Maheswaran (1998) suggest that the image modi? cation could be re? ected in the formation of a mental subcategory inside the brand scheme (sub-typin g model) or in a complete modi? cation of brand associations (conversion model). The sub-typing or conversion processes may occur when perceived ? t or typicality between the extension category and the brand is low. However, it is just possible that brand attitudes and beliefs would always change because of the new information, which is called the bookkeeping model (Weber and Crocker, 1983; Loken and John, ? 993; Gurhan-Canli and Maheswaran, 1998). Consumers could react according to the bookkeeping model when the information on the new product is highly accessible. Regardless of perceived ? t, higher accessibility gives rise to an image enhancement, whereas lower accessibility has a negative effect on brand evaluations (Ahluwalia and ? Gurhan-Canli, 2000). The brand extension literature shows that brand extensions can affect both the ? general brand associations (Mart? nez and de Chernatony, 2004) and the beliefs in speci? attributes (Keller and Aaker, 1992; Loken and John, 1993). T he beliefs related to the most representative product of the brand, or ? agship product, are more resistant to dilution ( John et al. , 1998; Chang, 2002), as well as the perceptions linked to the brand personality (Diamantopoulos et al. , 2005). Most previous research on brand extensions develops experimental designs, focusing on a reduced number of variables (e. g. Loken and John, 1993; John et al. , 1998; Alexander and Colgate, 2005). Some authors have tested models through structural ? equation modelling (e. g.Bhat and Reddy, 2001; Volckner and Sattler, 2006) although they concentrate on consumer attitude toward brand extensions and not on reciprocal spillover effects. According to literature, brand extensions may give rise to both a ââ¬Å"forwardâ⬠effect from the parent brand to the new product and a ââ¬Å"feedbackâ⬠or ââ¬Å"backwardâ⬠effect from the new product to the parent brand (Milberg et al. , 1997; Responses to brand extensions 1183 EJM 44,7/8 1184 B alachander and Ghose, 2003). Neglecting this potential backward effect affords a limited view of consumer behaviour and may lead to inappropriate marketing actions.With the goal of better understanding the way that extensions in? uence brand image, our work proposes and validates a theoretical model that, according to the previous literature, integrates the most relevant variables. With the exception of the ? contribution of Volckner and Sattler (2006), previous models only focus on a few variables, which makes it dif? cult to determine how the consumersââ¬â¢ responses to brand extensions are generated. Furthermore, the proposed model considers both the brand image before the extension and the image variation, which is a step forward in literature.As well as brand image, we will analyse the effects of brand familiarity, attitude to the extension, extension-brand ? t (category and image ? t), perceived dif? culty in manufacturing the extension product and consumer innovativeness. Hence, the study expands previous research by testing a comprehensive model that gathers both the brand extension evaluation process and the later in? uence on brand image. This model can help brand managers to protect their brands from unsuitable brand extensions by showing the main determinants of spillover effects and the direct and indirect effects of the speci? variables. Relationships that have been individually supported in previous works could be rejected when considering complex models with several dependent and independent variables. The study is structured in four sections. The next section contains a brief review of the literature to justify the theoretical model and the relations established in the hypotheses. The third section describes the methodology used to validate the model, and the results are reported in the fourth section. Finally, we address the conclusions and managerial recommendations.Proposed model and hypotheses The proposed model helps us to understand t he in? uence of brand extensions on brand image. For this reason, the model includes the variables with the greatest impact on extension attitude (Aaker and Keller, 1990; Hem et al. , 2003). This attitude will determine the development of the brand image (Lane and Jacobson, 1997), affecting the current associations. The model stems from the initial brand image and attempts to identify the main relations and interactions that follow the launching of the brand extension and its potential effects on the established associations.Generally, consumer attitudes toward brand extensions can depend on factors related to brand associations, extended category, perceived ? t, and consumer characteristics (Czellar, 2003; Reast, 2005; ? Volckner and Sattler, 2006). Hence, two brand knowledge factors, brand familiarity and initial brand image, are considered. In relation to the new product and its ? t with the parent brand, we consider perceived dif? culty in manufacturing, perceived category ? t a nd perceived brand image ? t. Extension attitude and consumer innovativeness are also taken into consideration. Whereas brand associations and ? have been examined in nearly every study on brand extensions, perceived dif? culty and consumer innovativeness have received lesser attention. Since Aaker and Kellerââ¬â¢s (1990) fundamental study and all subsequent replications (Barrett et al. , 1999) analysed perceived dif? culty with inconclusive results, it seems necessary to study this variable more in depth. On the other hand, the whole literature on brand extensions relies on the assumption that a known brand reduces the risk associated with buying new products (Smith and Park, 1992), and consumer innovativeness re? ects the consumerââ¬â¢s risk aversion.The proposed effects of these variables and the remaining ones are depicted in Figure 1. The ? rst variable included in our model is brand familiarity. This variable is closely related to the dimension of brand equity labelled a s awareness by Aaker (1996), since familiar brand names usually present high awareness. Moreover, it is also akin to the brand image construct, which refers to the different ââ¬Å"perceptions about a brand re? ected as associations existing in the memory of the consumerâ⬠(Keller, 1993). Direct effects on extension attitude are expected for brand familiarity as well as indirect ones through brand image.First, individuals will have a better initial image of the brands they are familiar with (Low and Lamb, 2000; Lemmink et al. , 2003). By means of a ââ¬Å"halo effectâ⬠, the impressions of familiar attributes are used to form precise opinions on brands (Reynolds, 1965) and develop more complete knowledge structures (Alba and Hutchinson, 1987; Grime et al. , 2002). Furthermore, familiarity indirectly re? ects the experience with a brand (Alba and Hutchinson, 1987), presenting a clear relationship between experience and brand image (Hoek et al. , 2000).Familiarity can also ha ve a direct effect on brand extension evaluations. Consumers are more inclined to buy products of brands they have previously consumed (Swaminathan, 2003) and know better, unless the experience has been unsatisfactory (Swaminathan et al. , 2001). Although some works have failed to prove that familiarity affects consumer attitude to an extension (Glynn and Brodie, 1998) and to the extended brand (Diamantopoulus et al. , 2005), we hypothesise: H1. The greater the familiarity of the core brand, the more positive the initial brand image. H2.The greater the familiarity of the core brand, the more favourable the attitude to the extension. Brand image is an essential factor for understanding consumer attitude toward brand extensions, since the credibility of the new product increases when brand perceptions become more favourable (de Ruyter and Wetzels, 2000). If the brand image consists of Responses to brand extensions 1185 Figure 1. Proposed model to analyse the effect of brand extension strategy on brand image EJM 44,7/8 1186 associations such as a high-perceived quality, the extension attitude will be better (van ? Riel et al. 2001; Volckner and Sattler, 2006). In the same vein, the extension attitude is positively related to the perceptions of reputation (Hem et al. , 2003), prestige (Park et al. , 1991) and the consumersââ¬â¢ affection for the brand (Sheinin and Schmitt, 1994). In the case of corporate and service brands, a positive image also clearly generates favourable perceptions of the new products (Brown and Dacin, 1997; de Ruyter and Wetzels, 2000). Given that the extension leverages the current brand associations, the better the initial brand image the more positive will be the consumersââ¬â¢ response.Therefore: H3. The more positive the initial brand image, the more favourable the attitude to the extension. If consumers perceive a high ? t between the brand and the new product, the brand leveraging increases and the potential negative effects are less likely (Czellar, 2003). Some authors state that consumers can consider a category ? t or an image ? t (Bhat and Reddy, 2001; Grime et al. , 2002; Czellar, 2003). Thus, individuals can believe that the new product is physically similar to the other products of the brand (category ? t) or coherent with the general brand associations (image ? ) (Grime et al. , 2002; Czellar, 2003). Whatever the case, the consistency between cognitive elements and the similarity among various stimuli ease and improve consumersââ¬â¢ evaluations (Aaker and Keller, 1990; Eagly and Chaiken, 1993). Brand image-perceived ? t interaction effects are revealed in the literature (Boush et al. , 1987; Aaker and Keller, 1990) as well as ? direct effects (Volckner and Sattler, 2006). The next hypotheses deal with the direct effects of perceived ? t dimensions on extension evaluation. As commented above, perceived category and image ? will directly affect the consumer attitude to the extension. Generally, the assessment of an extension will be more positive as perceived closeness with the brand grows (Aaker and Keller, 1990; ? Volckner and Sattler, 2006), even in the case of non-prestige brands (Park et al. ,1991). However, consumers believe that extensions to non-related categories are not very reliable and offer low quality, which causes a negative assessment (Kirmani et al. , 1999). According to the literature, a high-perceived category or image ? t makes success more likely (Boush et al. 1987; Boush and Loken, 1991; Park et al. , 1991). The important thing is to get the consumers to relate the new product to the brand, independently of the kind of closeness. This discussion leads to the following hypotheses: H4. The greater the perceived category ? t between the extension and the core brand, the more favourable the attitude to the extension. H5. The greater the perceived image ? t between the extension and the core brand, the more favourable the attitude to the extension. Another va riable included in our model is perceived dif? ulty in manufacturing or offering a new good or service. This variable has been analysed in numerous works, although it is not clear whether it in? uences consumer behaviour or not (Barrett et al. , 1999; van Riel et al. , 2001). Moreover, present research does not clarify whether this in? uence is positive (Aaker and Keller, 1990; van Riel and Ouwersloot, 2005) or negative (Semeijn et al. , 2004). This diversity of results re? ects that the in? uence of dif? culty in manufacturing might depend on the study settings and the variables interacting with such dif? culty.Generally, consumers who think that the new product category requires little manufacturing effort may question its advisability (Aaker and Keller, 1990). They could even think that high-quality brands are trying to make fast money by overpricing trivial products (Aaker and Keller, 1990; van Riel et al. , 2001). In a sense, easy-to-make extensions could resemble downscale ext ensions, where the brand stretches down by offering lower price-quality products (Kirmani et al. , 1999). Consequently, we posit: H6. The greater the perceived dif? culty in manufacturing the new product, the more favourable the attitude to the extension.The last variable of our model to explain attitude to the extension is consumer innovativeness, a concept that represents the consumersââ¬â¢ propensity to buy new products and consider new ideas (Roehrich, 2004). Since innovative people are more risk-prone (Klink and Smith, 2001; Hem et al. , 2003), they show a better attitude toward brand extensions, whatever their perceived ? t (Klink and Smith, 2001). In this sense, some authors have found that higher consumer innovativeness increases perceived quality and purchase intention of new services (Hem et al. , 2003; Siu et al. , 2004) and ? tangible products (Volckner and Sattler, 2006).Rogers (1983) claims that one of the most salient traits of consumer innovators is the comfort th ey gain from taking risk. Unlike later adopters, highly-innovative individuals ? nd far extensions appealing (Xie, 2008) and, consequently, do not mind trying products that get away from the companyââ¬â¢s core business. As a matter of fact, they should be more prone to try new products regardless of the degree of brand knowledge or perceived ? t. Consequently, we posit: H7. The greater consumer innovativeness, the more favourable the attitude to the extension. The following hypotheses relate to the feedback effect on brand image.Because of the new information, the brand schema could vary its structure of nodes and links (Morrin, 1999). There is no doubt that most brand associations will remain stable after stretching to new categories, being the ? nal perceptions mainly determined by the ? initial ones (Lee and Ulgado, 1993; Mart? nez and Pina, 2003). However, product introductions in the marketplace involve providing consumers with information, which not always ? ts with the ini tial beliefs and feelings about the brand. As elucidated by previous research, the attitude to the extension is a major driver of spillover effects from the extension to the parent brand.Low quality or negatively ? assessed extensions will entail a detriment of brand image (Chang, 2002; Mart? nez and ? Pina, 2003), diluting both general and speci? c beliefs (Mart? nez and de Chernatony, 2004). Diamantopoulos et al. (2005) found that brand personality is more dilution-resistant, although any brand association is exposed to the risk of dilution. A way of reducing this risk is to strengthen the attitude to the extension, given that consumers who are satis? ed with the extension are usually satis? ed with the brand (Alexander and Colgate, 2005). The following hypothesis is based on these arguments. H8.The better the attitude to the extension, the more favourable the feedback effect on the extended brand. Responses to brand extensions 1187 EJM 44,7/8 1188 The literature reveals that the attitude to an extended brand directly depends on the degree of ? t with the extension (Grime et al. , 2002). The introduction of extensions far from the core business will involve losing brand differentiation and credibility, whereas extensions to related markets will avoid potential damage (Aaker, 2002). Some authors like Milberg et al. (1997) have proved that low-? t extensions generate negative feedback in terms of attributes or image.Similarly, Lee and Ulgado (1993) ? veri? ed that ? t has a positive effect on the image of service ? rms, whereas Mart? nez and de Chernatony (2004) veri? ed the same for tangible product extensions. Other works equally suggest that the impact of brand extensions on the parent brand is ? directly related to similarity (Mart? nez and Pina, 2003) or image ? t (Loken and John, 1993; John et al. , 1998). All in all, we expect a more positive feedback effect provided the brand stretches coherently with either its image or current products. H9. The great er the perceived category ? between the extension and the core brand, the more favourable the feedback effect on the extended brand. H10. The greater the perceived image ? t between the extension and the core brand, the more favourable the feedback effect on the extended brand. Methodology An empirical study was conducted to contrast the hypotheses and validate the model displayed in Figure 1. Following the usual procedures, we utilised real brands and realistic hypothetical extensions (Aaker and Keller, 1990; van Riel et al. , 2001; van Riel and Ouwersloot, 2005) that were previously selected through three pre-tests.Below, we explain these and other aspects related to the methodology applied. Pre-tests In line with previous research, a sample of undergraduates was employed in the pre-tests (Sheinin and Schmitt, 1994; Kim, 2003). The speci? c brands and extensions were selected by means of Wilcoxon tests, which were necessary due to the lack of normality in the data. The aim of the ? rst pre-test, conducted with 91 students, was to choose brands in three sectors (fast moving consumer goods, durable consumer goods and services) that were familiar (F) to individuals and had a different image perception (I).Familiarity is an essential requisite to guarantee that consumers have a clear image to evaluate (Low and Lamb, 2000). Two questions were thus formulated to assess those concepts in seven-point Likert scales (1 ? Totally unfamiliar/7 ? Very familiar; 1 ? Bad image/7 ? Excellent image) for a total of 11 brands. According to the results, Colgate ? and Signal (FC ? 6. 38; FS ? 5. 50), Nike and Puma (FN ? 6. 56; FP ? 5. 64), Telefonica Movistar and Amena (FT ? 6. 64; FA ? 6. 27) were chosen as familiar brands. The image is signi? cantly different in toothpaste brands (IC ? 5. 74; IS ? 4. 96; Z ? 2 4. 618; p , 0. 0001), sports brands (IN ? 6. 21; IP ? 5. 10; Z ? 2 5. 449; p , 0. 00001) and mobile phones (IT ? 5. 67; IA ? 4. 88; Z ? 2 4. 001; p , 0. 00001). The seco nd and third pre-tests, where 98 and 81 students, respectively, participated, were aimed at ? nding two extensions ââ¬âone for each sectorââ¬â with differences in perceived ? t. Both perceived category ? t (CF) and brand image ? t (IF) were considered (Bhat and Reddy, 2001) in two Likert scales (1 ? Not at all similar/7 ? Very similar; 1 ? Non-coherent/7 ? Very coherent). For the toothpaste brands, ââ¬Å"sugar-free whitening tooth decay-preventing sweetsâ⬠and ââ¬Å"sunglassesâ⬠were selected.The ? rst showed a higher perceived ? t than the second for Colgate (CF1 ? 5. 36; CF2 ? 1. 31; Z ? 2 5. 341; p , 0. 00001) (IF1 ? 5. 69; IF2 ? 1. 54; Z ? 2 5. 339; p , 0. 00001) and Signal (CF1 ? 4. 86; CF2 ? 1. 19; Z ? 2 5. 120; p , 0. 00001) (IF1 ? 5. 19; IF2 ? 1. 25; Z ? 2 5. 019; p , 0. 00001). On the other hand, for the sports brands, we chose ââ¬Å"skisâ⬠as a close extension and ââ¬Å"DVD playersâ⬠as a far extension, both from the perspective of product c ategory of Nike (CF1 ? 3. 33; CF2 ? 1. 28; Z ? 2 5. 120; p , 0. 00001) and Puma (CF1 ? 3. 32; CF2 ? 1. 14; Z ? 2 4. 910; p , 0. 00001).Similarly, there were statistical differences between the image ? t of the extensions for Nike (IF1 ? 4. 23; IF2 ? 1. 36; Z ? 2 5. 561; p , 0. 00001) and Puma (IF1 ? 3. 89; IF2 ? 1. 14; Z ? 2 5. 113; p , 0. 00001). Finally, ââ¬Å"telecommunication on-line coursesâ⬠and ââ¬Å"insuranceâ⬠were the service extensions selected. Speci? cally, the perceived category ? and image ? t were statistically different for Telefonica Movistar (CF1 ? 4. 67; CF2 ? 1. 84; Z ? 2 5. 475; p , 0. 00001) (IF1 ? 4. 72; IF2 ? 1. 72; Z ? 2 5. 543; p , 0. 00001) and Amena (CF1 ? 3. 73; CF2 ? 1. 76; Z ? 2 4. 283; p , 0. 00001) (IF1 ? 4. 27; IF2 ? 1. 84; Z ? 2 4. 61; p , 0. 00001). Sample and procedure Subsequent to the pre-tests, we elaborated 12 questionnaires with a different brand-extension combination. On the ? rst page, individuals had to indicate their consume r innovativeness and answer some questions about the corresponding brand (familiarity and image) and product category (perceived dif? culty). Then, on the second page of the questionnaire, respondents were required to imagine that the speci? c brand launched the extension. Questions then assessed the ? t, the respondentsââ¬â¢ attitudes towards the extension and the brand image, supposing the existence of the new product category.No additional information about the productsââ¬â¢ attributes was provided in order to avoid bias that could defeat the objective of the study (Bhat and Reddy, 2001). The surveys were answered by a total sample of 720 individuals (699 valid cases) in a Spanish city, which is sometimes considered as a test market for products aimed at Spain. The respondents were approached by a team of interviewers in different parts of the city, on different days and at different times during May 2005. By following a quota sampling procedure, the sample was required to match the population structure by sex (50. 9 per cent women and 49. per cent men) and age (46. 5 per cent 26-45 years, 33. 3 per cent 16-25 years, 20. 2 per cent 46-64 years). These demographical variables may be strong predictors of changes in attitudes and behavior (Hansman and Schutjens, 1993) and, therefore, should be controlled to get adequate variance in the data. Table I shows the type of questionnaires used in our research and the speci? c number of individuals who satisfactorily responded to each. No individual answered more than one questionnaire. Measures Variables were measured through seven-point Likert scales by requesting individuals either to state their level of agreement with the speci? statement (1 ? Totally disagree, 7 ? Totally agree) or directly assess the variable (e. g. 1 ? Not at all familiar, 7 ? Very familiar). In all cases, items were extracted or based on the literature. In order to avoid potential order effects (Klink and Smith, 2001), perceived Respons es to brand extensions 1189 EJM 44,7/8 N8 Brand 49 Colgate Extension (high ? t) Sugar-free whitening tooth decaypreventing sweets Sugar-free whitening tooth decayâ⬠¦ Skis Skis Telecommunication online courses Telecommunication online courses N8 Brand 50 Colgate 48 49 49 80 Signal Nike Puma ? Telefonica Movistar 75 AmenaExtension (low ? t) Sunglasses Sunglasses DVD players DVD players Insurance Insurance 1190 Table I. Type and number of questionnaires Signal Nike Puma ? Telefonica Movistar 79 Amena 49 48 49 74 dif? culty was assessed prior to brand characteristics and ? t. For the same reason, ? nal image was measured once the individuals had formed an opinion about the brand extension. Table II shows the scales used for each factor. First, consumer innovativeness was measured with the items proposed by Roehrich (1994), who considers a dual perspective, ââ¬Å"hedonisticâ⬠and ââ¬Å"socialâ⬠. Perceived dif? ulty was assessed through an item used by Aaker and Keller (19 90) and two additional items coherent with the concept. For brand familiarity, we used Dawarââ¬â¢s scale (Dawar, 1996), whereas the scale validated by Martinez et al. (2004) was employed to assess initial and ? nal brand image. This scale utilises items from several works (Martin and Brown, 1990; Weiss et al. , 1999) which attempt to assess tangible (functional image) and intangible (affective image) attributes and bene? ts, as well as the global attitude to the brand (reputation). The distinction made by several authors between category ? t or similarity and image ? or consistency with brand image (Park et al. , 1991; Bhat and Reddy, 2001; Grime et al. , 2002) was used to measure perceived ? t. Thus, a series of items that assess ? t from both perspectives (Aaker and Keller, 1990; Taylor and Bearden, 2002) were chosen. Finally, extension attitude items were suggested by authors like Aaker and Keller (1990) or Pryor and Brodie (1998) considering both the general assessment of the new product and purchase intentions. Results The collected data were analysed by means of structural equations methodology, assessing both the measurement and the structural model (Kline, 2005).The structural model allows us to know whether there is evidence to reject the proposed hypotheses, although previously the measurement model has to evaluate the psychometric properties of the scales in terms of unidimensionality, reliability and validity. Furthermore, some ? t indicators show whether the measurement and structural models explain the collected data with relative precision (Hair et al. , 1998). Scale validation Prior to analysing all the variables as a whole, we studied whether initial brand image, ? nal brand image, consumer innovativeness and perceived ? should be considered as multidimensional or unidimensional factors, since the distinction between the Scale Consumer innovativeness. Roehrich (1994) Measured concept Hedonist innovativeness (HINN) HINN1: I am more intereste d in buying new than known products HINN2: I like to buy new and different products HINN3: New products excite me Social innovativeness (SINN) SINN1: I am usually among the ? rst to try new products SINN2: I try new products before my friends and neighbours SINN3: I know more than others about the latest new products DIFF1: Dif? ulty in designing and making the product DIFF2: Complex techniques or knowledge are needed DIFF3: Specialised resources are needed (personnel, facilities. . . ) FAMI1: Familiarity with the brandââ¬â¢s products FAMI2: Purchase frequency of the brandââ¬â¢s products FAMI3: Knowledge of the brandââ¬â¢s products Functional image (FUIM) (initial/? nal) FUIM1i/FUIM1f: The products have a high quality FUIM2i/FUIM2f: The products have better characteristics than competitorsââ¬â¢ FUIM3i/FUIM3f: The products of the competitors are usually cheaper Affective image (AFIM) (initial/? al) AFIM1i/AFIM1f: The brand is nice AFIM2i/AFIM2f: The brand has a personalit y that distinguishes it from competitors AFIM3i/AFIM3f: It is a brand that does not disappoint its customers Reputation (REIM) (initial/? nal) REIM1i/REIM1f: It is one of the best brands in the sector REIM2i/REIM2f: The brand is very consolidated in the market Category ? t (CAFI) CAFI1: The extension is similar to the brandââ¬â¢s products CAFI2: The ? rmââ¬â¢s resources are helpful to make the product extension Image ? t (IMFI) IMFI1: The product extension ? s with the brand image IMFI2: Launching the extension is logical for the company IMFI3: Launching the extension is appropriate for the company EXAT1: Favourable attitude towards the extension EXAT2: Perceived quality of the extension EXAT3: Likelihood of trying the extension Responses to brand extensions 1191 Perceived dif? culty (DIFF). Aaker and Keller (1990) Brand familiarity (FAMI). Dawar (1996) ? Brand image. Mart? nez et al. (2004). Based on: Martin and Brown (1990) Aaker (1996); Weiss et al. (1999); Villarejo (2002) Perceived ? t. Aaker and Keller (1990); Taylor and Bearden (2002) Extension attitude (EXAT).Aaker and Keller (1990); Pryor and Brodie (1998) Table II. Scales used in the questionnaires EJM 44,7/8 1192 proposed dimensions (e. g. hedonistic and social innovativeness) could be statistically non-advisable. Through a previous analysis with SPSS 13. 0, we detected a weak item-total correlation of FUIM3i (corr. ? 0. 281) and FUIM3f (corr. ? 0. 296) with the respective dimensions of functional image. After eliminating them, we conducted an explanatory factor analysis for the unidimensional and multidimensional models using the EQS 5. b and ERLS (elliptical re-weighted least squares) estimation method.The initial image, ? ?nal image and perceived ? t scales proved to be reliable in both models (Joreskog and ? Sorbom, 1993), although it was advisable to eliminate HINN1 related to consumer innovativeness. Although the factor loadings exceeded the cut point lU ? 0:540; lM ? 0:673? ; the R 2 co ef? cients ? R 2 ? 0:292; R 2 ? 0:453? were below those recommended in the literature (Hair et al. , 1998). Once the scales had been properly re? ned, we proceeded to compare the unidimensional and multidimensional models through several indicators (Hair et al. , 1998; Kline, 2005). Tables III and IV display the coef? ients obtained, which clearly favour the consideration of independent dimensions for all the factors analysed. The only indexes in which the unidimensional model surpasses the multidimensional one are PNFI and PGFI for the factors of initial brand image (PNFI ? 0. 511 , 0. 638; Comparative indicators Initial image Unidimen. Multidimen. 126. 181 0. 047 0. 221 112. 181 0. 160 0. 638a 0. 466a 154. 181 72. 177a 0. 034a 0. 152a 61. 177a 0. 088a 0. 511 0. 377 106. 177a Final image Unidimen. Multidimen. 211. 559 0. 053 0. 343 197. 559 0. 283 0. 628a 0. 449a 239. 559 51. 082a 0. 027a 0. 122a 40. 082a 0. 057a 0. 516 0. 382 85. 082a x2RMSR (Root mean square residual) ECVI (Expec ted cross-validation index) NCP (Noncentrality parameter) SNCP (Scaled noncentrality parameter) PNFI (Parsimonious normed ? t index) PGFI (Parsimonious goodness of ? t index) AIC (Akaike information criterion) Table III. Indicators of the alternative models of brand image (initial and ? nal) Note: aCoef? cients that are favourable to the speci? ed model Comparative indicators Consumer innov. Unidimen. Multidimen. 195. 411 0. 079 0. 309 190. 411 0. 272 0. 453a 0. 292a 215. 411 31. 088a 0. 022a 0. 076a 27. 088a 0. 039a 0. 394 0. 261 53. 088a Perceived ? t Unidimen. Multidimen. 77. 634 0. 34 0. 140 72. 634 0. 104 0. 483a 0. 314a 97. 634 50. 164a 0. 025a 0. 103a 46. 164a 0. 066a 0. 391 0. 256 72. 164a x2 RMSR (Root mean square residual) ECVI (Expected cross-validation index) NCP (Noncentrality parameter) SNCP (Scaled noncentrality parameter) PNFI (Parsimonious normed ? t index) PGFI (Parsimonious goodness of ? t index) AIC (Akaike information criterion) Table IV. Indicators of the alter native models of consumer innovativeness and ? t Note: aCoef? cients that are favourable to the speci? ed model PGFI ? 0. 377 , 0. 466), ? nal image (PNFI ? 0. 516 , 0. 628; PGFI ? 0. 382 , 0. 449), consumer innovativeness (PNFI ? . 394 , 0. 453; PGFI ? 0. 261 , 0. 292) and perceived ? t (PNFI ? 0. 391 , 0. 483; PGFI ? 0. 256 , 0. 314). Nevertheless, the parsimony indicator, AIC, which allows us to choose between models with a different number of latent variables, as in our case, presents better values in the multidimensional structure: initial image (AIC ? 106. 177 , 154. 181), ? nal image (AIC ? 85. 082 , 239. 559), consumer innovativeness (AIC ? 53. 088 , 215. 411) and perceived ? t (AIC ? 72. 164 , 97. 634). After verifying the multidimensional character of initial brand image, ? nal brand image, consumer innovativeness and perceived ? , our next step was to conduct a factor analysis of all the scales. Again, we used EQS and ERLS, obtaining the results shown in Table V. We can i nfer from these results that the scales present good statistical properties. As can be seen in Table V, all the proposed items unidimensionally ? t the respective 13 factors or latent variables. The values obtained in composite reliability coef? cients and extracted variance analysis (EVA) are above 0. 6 and 0. 5, respectively, which guarantees the internal consistency of the scales. Moreover, the validity criterion was satis? ed from both convergent and discriminant viewpoints.Thus, all lambda coef? cients for the observed variables are signi? cant (t . 1. 96) and they load on the corresponding factors with standard loadings above 0. 5. The con? dence intervals of between-factor correlations were calculated to analyse discriminant validity. No intervals included value 1, which indicates the differentiated character of the factors. The main goodness-of-? t indicators for the measurement model are shown at the bottom of Table V, distinguishing between global and incremental ? t index es. On the whole, the indicators are positive and above the minimum established by researchers (Hair et al. 1998; Kline, 2005). With regard to global ? t, GFI is above 0. 8 (GFI ? 0. 884), whereas RMSEA and SRMR error statistics were below the maximum values of 0. 06 (RMSEA ? 0. 053) and 0. 08 (SRMR ? 0. 040) recommended by Hu and Bentler (1999). The only unsuitable indicator is the Chi-square test (x 2(417) ? 1224. 142; p , 0. 001), which often occurs in samples of over 400 observations. On the other hand, all the incremental ? t measures were above the required 0. 8 (AGFI ? 0. 844) and 0. 9 (CFI ? 0. 973; IFI ? 0. 973; NFI ? 0. 960; NNFI ? 0. 966) levels, which proves the statistical convenience of the proposed model.The validation process concluded with the estimation of three second-order models for the dimensions of brand image (initial and ? nal) and consumer innovativeness. These models presented favourable ? t indicators for initial image (GFI ? 0. 958; SRMR ? 0. 035; NFI ? 0. 975; IFI ? 0. 979), ? nal image (GFI ? 0. 972; SRMR ? 0. 028; NFI ? 0. 985; IFI ? 0. 989) and consumer innovativeness (GFI ? 0. 978; SRMR ? 0. 022; NFI ? 0. 985; IFI ? 0. 987). Model and hypotheses contrasting After analysing the psychometric properties of the scales, we proceeded to the estimation of the structural model, which corresponds to the structure shown in Figure 1.Previously, the global effect of extensions on brand image was analysed, comparing the values of initial and ? nal image in each scenario. Responses to brand extensions 1193 EJM 44,7/8 Factor HINN SINN Items HINN2 HINN3 SINN1 SINN2 SINN3 FUIM1i FUIM2i FUim1f FUIM2f AFIM1i AFIM2i AFIM3i AFIM1f AFIM2f AFIM3f REIM1i REIM2i REIM1f REIM2f FAMI1 FAMI2 FAMI3 DIFF1 DIFF2 DIFF3 EXAT1 EXAT2 EXAT3 CAFI1 CAFI2 IMFI1 IMFI2 IMFI3 Reliability t (. 1. 96) l(. 0. 5) 22. 230 20. 993 26. 547 25. 862 19. 829 22. 534 20. 543 24. 779 24. 208 21. 076 19. 473 17. 864 21. 545 21. 680 17. 880 23. 342 18. 125 25. 834 19. 868 22. 112 19 . 930 20. 822 18. 05 24. 402 18. 291 22. 956 18. 606 21. 579 22. 312 18. 837 26. 733 26. 683 24. 607 0. 861 0. 820 0. 915 0. 899 0. 744 0. 835 0. 776 0. 873 0. 859 0. 787 0. 741 0. 693 0. 798 0. 802 0. 694 0. 871 0. 706 0. 919 0. 751 0. 838 0. 771 0. 799 0. 729 0. 926 0. 725 0. 831 0. 712 0. 795 0. 839 0. 730 0. 906 0. 905 0. 859 Convergent validity * CRC (. 0. 6) EVA (. 0. 5) 0. 828 0. 891 0. 787 0. 857 0. 785 0. 810 0. 770 0. 825 0. 845 0. 839 0. 824 0. 763 0. 920 0. 707 0. 733 0. 650 0. 750 0. 550 0. 587 0. 629 0. 704 0. 645 0. 638 0. 610 0. 618 0. 793 1194 FUIM (i) FUIM (f) AFIM (i) AFIM (f) REIM (i) REIM (f) FAMI DIFF EXAT CAFI IMFITable V. Reliability, convergent validity and ? t of the measurement model Notes: Fit indices: Global ? t: x 2 ? 1224. 142 (417) p , 0. 001; GFI ? 0. 884; RMSEA ? 0. 053; SRMR ? 0. 040. Incremental ? t: AGFI ? 0. 844; CFI ? 0. 973; IFI ? 0. 973; NFI ? 0. 960; NNFI ? 0. 966; CRC: Composite reliability coef? cient; EVA: Extracted variance analysis, GFI : Goodness of ? t index; RMSEA: Root mean square error of approximation; SRMR: Standardised root mean square residual; AGFI: Adjusted goodness of ? t index; CFI: Comparative ? t index; IFI: Incremental ? t index; NFI: Normed ? t index; NNFI: Non-normed ? t indexGiven that the Cronbach alphas exceeded 0. 7, a single measure of initial and ? nal image, obtained as the mean of all the underlying items, was considered. Figures 2-4 gather the results according to the sector. For a better understanding of the effect on image, a single initial image (IMAG * (i)), calculated as the mean of initial brand images for close and far extensions, was taken into consideration. A new ? nal brand image (IMAG * (f)), resulting from adding IMAG * (i) to the difference obtained between the ? nal and the initial image in each scenario, was also considered. In general, these Responses to brand extensions 195 Figure 2. Brand image variation (toothpaste brands) Figure 3. Brand image variation (sport brands) Figure 4. Brand image variation (mobile phones brands) graphics suggest that ? rms should avoid entering markets far from their sector, since such extensions clearly entail brand image dilution. Once the global effect of extensions was analysed, the model hypotheses were tested. To test hypotheses related to feedback effects we created new variables based on unstandardised residuals. These residuals represent the brand image variation in such a way that higher values indicate more favourable feedback effects.They were obtained by regressing the post-test scores against the corresponding post-test scores, and the psychometrical properties of the resulting construct were similar to those of brand image factors (Cronbachââ¬â¢s alpha ? 0. 795). EJM 44,7/8 1196 Table VI contains the results of the model estimation and goodness of ? t measurements, which are acceptable and above the thresholds established in literature. Again, reasonable values were obtained for the error statistics ( RMSEA ? 0. 044; SRMR ? 0. 077) and the global ? t GFI (0. 892). The incremental ? t indexes also met the statistical requirements (AGFI ? 0. 74; CFI ? 0. 972; IFI ? 0. 972; NFI ? 0. 952; NNFI ? 0. 969). Next, the speci? c results concerning the hypotheses are commented. First, familiarity has a direct and signi? cant in? uence on initial brand image (best ? 0. 485; t-value ? 10. 419), as proposed in H1. However, contrary to H2, familiarity seems to have no signi? cant effect on extension attitude (best ? 2 0. 052; t-value ? 2 1. 443). Consequently, the most familiar brands will lead to more favourable brand associations, although not necessarily to a better assessment of the extension. The effect of initial brand image on extension attitude is signi? ant and positive (best ? 0. 232; t-value ? 6. 351), as proposed in H3. Therefore, consumers will prefer the brand extensions of companies that have managed to build and communicate positive brand associations. Since brand image depends on brand familiarity, consumer attitude toward brand extensions seems to be the result of a cognitive-affective sequence (Fishbein and Ajzen, 1975). Supporting H4, category ? t seems to be a clear determinant of extension attitude (best ? 0. 299; t-value ? 2. 439). In the same way, extension attitude is signi? cantly dependant on image ? t (best ? 0. 587; t-value ? 4. 76), which con? rms H5. Consequently, consumers will prefer those extensions marketed in a category that ? ts the brand portfolio, especially in terms of general brand associations. The effect of perceived dif? culty on extension attitude is positive (best ? 0. 035), as expected. Nevertheless, the coef? cient relating both factors fails to reach statistical signi? cance (t-value ? 1. 186), which implies rejecting H6. This lack of statistical signi? cance reveals that consumers do not consider dif? culty of manufacturing as a heuristic of the perceived quality of the new product. Hypotheses H1: FAMI !IMAG (i) H2: FAMI ! EXAT H3: IMAG (i) ! EXAT H4: CAFI ! EXAT H5: IMFI ! EXAT H6: DIFF ! EXAT H7: INNV ! EXAT H8: EXAT ! IMAG variation H9: CAFI ! IMAG variation H10: IMFI ! IMAG variation Standardised b (t) 0. 485 * 2 0. 052 0. 232 * 0. 299 * 0. 587 * 0. 035 0. 093 * 0. 631 * 2 0. 050 0. 159 (10. 419) (2 1. 443) (6. 351) (2. 439) (4. 876) (1. 186) (2. 924) (5. 846) (2 0. 313) (1. 004) Hypotheses validation Yes No Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No No Table VI. Results of the structural model Notes: *Signi? cant at p # 0. 05; Fit indices: Global ? t: x 2 ? 1131. 700 (481); p , 0. 001; GFI ? 0. 892; RMSEA ? . 044; SRMR ? 0. 077. Incremental ? t: AGFI ? 0. 874; CFI ? 0. 972; IFI ? 0. 972; NFI ? 0. 952; NNFI ? 0. 969; CRC: Composite reliability coef? cient; EVA: Extracted variance analysis, GFI: Goodness of ? t index; RMSEA: Root mean square error of approximation; SRMR: Standardised root mean square residual; AGFI: Adjusted goodness of ? t index; CFI: Comparative ? t index; IFI: Incremental ? t index; NFI: Normed ? t index; NNFI: Non-normed ? t index Regarding H7, consumer innovativeness appears to have a clear, though reduced, effect on extension attitude (best ? 0. 093; t-value ? 2. 924).All in all, attitude towards extensions will be fundamentally explained by the initial brand image (H3), perceived ? t (H4 and H5) and, to a lesser extent, by other factors such as consumer innovativeness (H7). H8 to H10 indicate the factors that explain the potential feedback effects of brand extensions on brand image. With respect to H8, extension attitude has a positive and signi? cant effect on brand image variation (best ? 0. 631; t ? 5. 846). Hence, the more favourable the attitude to the extension is, the more favourable the attitude toward the extended brand will be. Because of the high coef? ient obtained, companies launching brand extensions will have to avoid damaging their brands with low quality products. Contrary to our expectations, perceived category ? t has no direct effect on brand image variation, which rejects H9 (best ? 2 0. 050; t ? 2 0. 313). Despite showing a relatively high and positive coef? cient, the effect of image ? t proposed in H10 is not signi? cant either (best ? 0. 159; t ? 1. 004). The lack of signi? cance in both coef? cients suggests that the in? uence of ? t on brand image variation is only indirect through extension attitude (H4 and H5).To sum up, then, while perceived image and category ? t are essential factors for the success of a brand extension, it is signi? cant that extension attitude synthesises their effects. The centralising role of extension attitude was also corroborated by checking through the estimation of competitive models that neither brand familiarity nor consumer innovativeness nor perceived dif? culty have direct effects on brand image variation. Given the importance that literature attaches to perceived ? t to explain feedback effect (e. g. Loken and John, 1993; John et al. , 1998) and the lack of signi? ant effects in our model, we took a new step in the analysis. According to Czellar (2003), perceived ? t may moderate the in? uence of the attitude to the extension on the attitude to the extended brand. In the same way that high-perceived ? t increases the transference of brand associations to the new product (Aaker and Keller, 1990; Czellar, 2003), we think that the opposite effect could take place. This possibility was explored by means of two multi-sample analyses for each of the ? t dimensions, category ? t and image ? t. Speci? cally, the sample was split into high ? t (mean . 4) and low ? (mean , 4) and the structural model were replicated without considering direct effects of ? t. The Lagrange Multiplier (LM) Test and the maximum likelihood estimation method determined whether the model coef? cients are signi? cantly different (Iglesias and ? Vazquez, 2001). The comparison between the considered sub-samples yields interesting results. Although the effect of extension attitude on image variati on was similar for category ? t (x2dif ? 0. 182; p . 0. 1), the results lend support to the existence of moderating effects for image ? t at 90 per cent (x2dif ? 2. 868; p ? 0. 090). In the expected direction, the in? ence of extension attitude was higher in the high ? t condition (best ? 0. 810; t ? 12. 740) than in the low ? t one (best ? 0. 666; t ? 11. 203). In consequence, spillover effects between the brand and the extension (forward and backward) will depend on image ? t perceptions rather than on category ? t. Responses to brand extensions 1197 EJM 44,7/8 1198 Discussion A brand is one of the most important assets for ? rms and, therefore, marketing managers must be on the alert for inadequate strategies that erode brand assets. One of this potentially risky strategies involves the launching of unsuitable brand extensions ? hat erode extended brand bene? ts and associations (Mart? nez and de Chernatony, 2004; Diamantopoulos et al. , 2005). However, so far there is no clear u nderstanding of the main variables leading to spillover effects between brand extensions and parent brands and their relative in? uence. The present work proposes a model to ? nd out how extension strategies affect brand image, one of the major dimensions of brand equity. Unlike most previous research, this paper focuses on extension evaluation and feedback effects on the core brand as interrelated rather than independent phenomena.Moreover, it incorporates a few key variables into an operative model instead of considering most of the potential variables that might divert the attention of researchers and practitioners alike. The estimation of this model showed positive goodness-of-? t indexes and, without considering non-validated relationships, it sheds some light on the main factors and processes explaining consumer attitude. According to the literature, core parent brand experience positively in? uences probability of extension trial (Swaminathan et al. , 2001; Swaminathan, 2003) .However, our results reveal an indirect effect of brand experience or brand familiarity on consumer attitude to brand extensions. This variable has a distinctive in? uence on brand image, which, in turn, affects the assessment of the new category. These results are coherent with the behaviour models de? ned by some authors who maintain that the individualââ¬â¢s beliefs determine attitude and this, in turn, determines purchase behaviour (Fishbein and Ajzen, 1975). From this perspective, brand image, rather than brand familiarity, would explain consumer attitude to the extension. Our ? dings validate previous results in the literature concerning the positive effects of perceived ? t, either category or image ? t, on consumer attitude. In the same way, it was con? rmed that consumer innovativeness increases likelihood of consumer ? acceptance, although to a lesser extent than perceived ? t (Volckner and Sattler, 2006). Nevertheless, we could not verify the proposed relationship bet ween the attitude to the extension and dif? culty in manufacturing the new category. Due to the clear inconsistency of results along studies, the relevance of this variable proposed by Aaker and Keller (1990) should be questioned.In relation to feedback effects, our results suggest that perceived ? t (category and image) has no direct effect on the extended brand image, though an indirect effect occurs through attitude to the extension. Previous works focusing on the in? uence of perceived ? t on parent brand associations have mostly resorted to experimental settings (e. g. Loken and John, 1993; Milberg et al. , 1997; John et al. , 1998) rather than SEM models. Therefore, this relationship cannot be taken for granted in complex models where several constructs are interrelated. The estimation of the model also revealed that image ? moderates the effect of extension attitude on image variation. In the light of the results, consumers that perceive the extension as coherent with the bra nd image will modify their brand associations mainly on the basis of their resulting attitude. A high ? t perception usually entails a categorisation process where the extension is associated to the brand category and leverages the current beliefs and attitudes (Monga and Houston, 2002). According to our results, this process occurs in the opposite direction in such a way that a high ? t will involve the leveraging of the attitude to the extension.The results obtained are thus in line with those works that indicate that consumer attitude toward brand extensions mainly depends on perceived ? t (Aaker and ? Keller, 1990; van Riel et al. , 2001; Volckner and Sattler, 2006). Moreover, it contributes to the body of knowledge by showing that the effect of perceived category and image ? t on the extended brand image is not direct. On the contrary, it occurs an indirect effect through extension attitude and, in the case of image ? t, a further moderating effect on the relationship between e xtension attitude and image variation. To sum up, the coef? ients obtained indicate that extension attitude is especially determined by perceived category ? t, image ? t and initial brand image, which, in turn depends on familiarity. Consumer innovativeness is also a factor that explains consumer response to brand extensions. Furthermore, the results reveal that the existence of positive feedback effects will be an immediate consequence of the attitude to the extension. These results clearly support the basic argument of our model: the consumer will assess the product according to a series of variables and, as a result, the consumers will modify the initial brand schema.Implications Considering all the results obtained as a whole, we can make some recommendations for ? rms launching brand extensions. There is no doubt that the most important aspect for the success of an extension is coherence with the image of the extended brand. Though positive, it is not essential that the new pro duct or service belongs to a new category, but the ? rm has to be able to communicate the brand essence to the different markets (Kim, 2003). Once the new product is ? rmly associated to the current brand image, consumers will perceive a high quality of the new product and the risk associated to purchasing it will be lowered.Although innovative consumers are expected to prefer low-? t products (Xie, 2008), consumer innovativeness is a factor with a weak effect on the attitude to the extension. In comparison to introducing a new brand name, brand extensions will increase consumer trust and reduce the weight of consumer innovativeness as a risk reliever. Since consumer behaviour will be relatively similar regardless of consumer predisposition to new products, this factor should not be used for potential market segmentation. In consequence, companies must identify other consumer characteristics able to alter perceptions of quality and purchase ntentions of speci? c product categories. A favourable initial image will also be positive for consumer acceptance increasing the appeal of the new product. This image is hard to obtain in the short term, although our model suggests that increasing familiarity through communication or brand trials is an effective way of building brand associations. Since brand familiarity does not directly in? uence extension attitude, companies do not have to worry when their brands are not familiar enough or the current market share is scarce.Whenever they are capable of transmitting a positive brand image and ? t is high, success should be easy to obtain. Moreover, launching products perceived as trivial or very easy to make will not prevent consumers from trying the new product, a concern highlighted by Aaker and Keller (1990). Responses to brand extensions 1199 EJM 44,7/8 1200 Once consumers have developed a favourable attitude toward the new product, the brand associations might not be diluted but even strengthened. Provided perceived ? between the extension and the core brand is high, especially on the basis of image ? t, the attitude to the extension will be the main driver of feedback effects. Consequently, increasing the success of brand extensions and protecting the leveraged image are not con? icting but complementary goals. Companies should thus address their efforts towards the success of the extension by building a bundle of coherent and strong brand associations. This is the best way to avoid the risk of image dilution. Future research Our ? ndings raise several issues for future research. The ? st issue refers to the lack of time between the extension stimulus and the subsequent measurement of brand image, which is the common procedure in most studies. The fact of the matter is that higher experience reduces the likelihood of negative feedback effects (Sheinin, 2000; Swaminathan, 2003), since the mere exposure to the new product affords consumers to establish links with the brand that, otherwise, woul d not exist (Klink and Smith, 2001). However, experiments requiring the cooperation of respondents over time are likely to suffer from a ââ¬Å"history problemâ⬠caused by the in? ence of external events (Campbell ? and Stanley, 1963). By analysing FMCG through a longitudinal study, Volckner and Sattler (2008) show that feedback effects diminish over time, although they also admit the possibility of confounding effects. Taking into account the advantages and disadvantages of the different procedures, the present study opted to exclude extraneous variables by minimising the time between pre and post-test scores. Since we aimed to test the interrelationships between factors, the setting of the study was designed to reinforce internal validity as much as possible.Consequently, it must be observed that the paper generates a picture of feedback effects in the short-term and these effects should be checked through a long period of time. It would be also advisable to verify whether th e validated relationships are consistent when consumers are exposed to all the market signals (competitors action, distribution support, etc. ) by using real extensions. Another issue to consider is whether the model can be applied to extensions of the same category or line extensions. Since line extensions are products with a higher perceived degree of ? t (Grime et al. 2002), there is a possibility that the relationships are sustained. It might be even more interesting to study whether service companies can successfully extend to the goods markets and vice versa. Indeed, it would be worthwhile to examine the brand and extension conditions that lead to higher effects of perceived ? t dimensions on the extension attitude toward the brand. Given that the in? uence of consumer innovativeness on extension attitude was less than expected, further research could also explore whether consumer innovativeness has moderating effects rather than mediating ones.Klink and Smith (2001) proved th at the in? uence of perceived ? t on extension attitude is lower among innovative consumers, who are more receptive to new products. The in-depth study of other variables related to personality, such as sensation-seeking or impulsive decision-making, also deserves attention Finally, it would be convenient to revise other measurement scales for brand image, which include a higher number of items. Brand image is a complex construct that sums up every association linked to the brand and may involve attributes, bene? ts, and attitudes (Keller, 1993).Although the proposed scale can be a suitable proxy, further research should deal with the limitations derived from the items used for measuring brand image and the remaining factors as well. References Aaker, D. A. (1996), ââ¬Å"Measuring brand equity across products and marketsâ⬠, California Management Review, Vol. 38 No. 3, pp. 102-20. Aaker, D. A. (2002), Brand Portfolio Strategy, The Free Press, New York, NY. Aaker, D. A. and Kell er, K. L. (1990), ââ¬Å"Consumer evaluations of brand extensionsâ⬠, Journal of Marketing, Vol. 54 No. 1, pp. 27-41. Ahluwalia, R. and Gurhan-Canli, Z. 2000), ââ¬Å"The effects of extensions on the family brand name: an accessibility-diagnosticity perspectiveâ⬠, Journal of Consumer Research, Vol. 27 No. 3, pp. 371-81. Alba, J. W. and Hutchinson, J. W. (1987), ââ¬Å"Dimensions of consumer expertiseâ⬠, Journal of Consumer Research, Vol. 13 No. 4, pp. 411-54. Alexander, N. and Colgate, M. (2005), ââ¬Å"Customersââ¬â¢ responses to retail brand extensionsâ⬠, Journal of Marketing Management, Vol. 21 Nos 3/4, pp. 393-419. Anderson, J. R. (1983), ââ¬Å"A spreading activation theory of memoryâ⬠, Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, Vol. 22 No. 3, pp. 61-95. Balachander, S. and Ghose, S. (2003), ââ¬Å"Reciprocal spillover effects: a strategic bene? t of brand extensionsâ⬠, Journal of Marketing, Vol. 76, January, pp. 4-13. Barrett, J. , Lye, A. and Venkateswarlu, P. (1999), ââ¬Å"Consumer perceptions of brand extensions: generalising Aaker and Kellerââ¬â¢s modelâ⬠, Journal of Empirical Generalisations in Marketing Science, Vol. 4, pp. 1-21. Bhat, S. and Reddy, S. K. (2001), ââ¬Å"The impact of parental brand attribute associations and affect on brand extension evaluationâ⬠, Journal of Business Research, Vol. 53 No. 3, pp. 111-22. Boush, D. M. nd Loken, B. (1991), ââ¬Å"A process-tracing study of brand extension evaluationâ⬠, Journal of Marketing Research, Vol. 28 No. 1, pp. 16-28. Boush, D. M. , Shipp, S. , Loken, B. , Genturck, E. , Crockett, S. , Kennedy, E. , Minshall, B. , Misurell, D. , Rochford, L. and Strobel, J. (1987), ââ¬Å"Affect generalization to similar and dissimilar brand extensionsâ⬠, Psychology and Marketing, Vol. 4 No. 3, pp. 225-37. Brown, T. J. and Dacin, P. A. (1997), ââ¬Å"The company and the product: corporate associations and consumer product responsesâ⬠, Journal of Marketing, Vol. 61 No. 1, pp. 68-84.Campbell, D. and Stanley, J. (1963), Experimental and Quasi-experimental Designs for Research, Rand McNally, Chicago, IL. Chang, J. W. (2002), ââ¬Å"Will a family brand image be diluted by an unfavorable brand extension? A brand trial-based approachâ⬠, Advances in Consumer Research, Vol. 29, pp. 299-304. Czellar, S. (2003), ââ¬Å"Consumer attitude toward brand extensions: an integrative model and research propositionsâ⬠, International Journal of Research in Marketing, Vol. 20 No. 1, pp. 97-115. Dawar, N. (1996), ââ¬Å"Extensions of broad brands: the role of retrieval in evaluations of ? â⬠, Journal of Consumer Psychology, Vol. 5 No. 2, pp. 189-207. de Ruyter, K. and Wetzels, M. (2000), ââ¬Å"The role of corporate image and extension similarity in service brand extensionsâ⬠, Journal of Economic Psychology, Vol. 21 No. 6, pp. 639-59. Responses to brand extensions 1201 EJM 44,7/8 Diamantopoulos, A. , Smith, G. and Grime, I. (2 005), ââ¬Å"The impact of brand extensions on brand personality: experimental evidenceâ⬠, European Journal of Marketing, Vol. 39 Nos 1/2, pp. 129-49. Eagly, A. H. and Chaiken, S. (1993), The Psychology of Attitudes, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Fort Worth, TX. 202 Fishbein, M. and Ajzen, I. (1975), Belief, Attitude, Intention and Behavior: An Introduction to Theory and Research, Addison-Wesley Publishing, Reading, MA. Glynn, M. S. and Brodie, R. J. (1998), ââ¬Å"The importance of brand-speci? c associations in brand extension: further empirical resultsâ⬠, Journal of Product & Brand Management, Vol. 7 No. 6, pp. 509-18. Grime, I. , Diamantopoulos, A. and Smith, G. (2002), ââ¬Å"Consumer evaluations of extensions and their effects on the core brand: key issues and research propositionsâ⬠, European Journal of Marketing, Vol. 36 Nos 11/12, pp. 415-38. Gurhan-Canli, Z. and Maheswaran, D. (1998), ââ¬Å"The effects of extensions on brand name dilution and enhancementâ⬠, Journal of Marketing Research, Vol. 35 No. 4, pp. 464-73. Hair, J. F. , Anderson, R. E. , Tatham, R. L. and Black, W. C. (1998), owavpreheas1987http://www.blogger.com/profile/17076737173665807838noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4058572933116895724.post-19751226139083065082020-01-08T13:49:00.001-08:002020-01-08T13:49:02.312-08:00Lenin s Death Of Tsar Of Russia - 1655 Words Born in 1870, Vladimir Illych Ulyanov, better known as Lenin was born to a well off middle class family. Lenin was said to be a very gifted student but extremely bossy. In 1887, Leninââ¬â¢s elder brother Alexander was arrested for plotting to kill the tsar of Russia which lead to his hanging. The rest of the society refused to have anything to do with Leninââ¬â¢s family as Alexander had brought great shame on the town. This was during the peak of Russiaââ¬â¢s Imperial period, so citizens treated the tsar as if he were a God. It is claimed that when Lenin heard about the execution, he said Iââ¬â¢ll make them pay for this. I swear I will. Many years later, Leninââ¬â¢s wife said that it was this event that turned Lenin into a revolutionary with a desire to ridâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦He believed that the rich should be helping the poor. This was the root of his belief that any one man making a profit was bad for society; to him production was meant for survival. Len in says everybody in society is equal and should have equal rights. So he believed that there must be a strong central government which truly represents its people. How would Lenin bring about such a change? He followed Marxââ¬â¢s teachings. In the second chapter of the communist manifesto headed ââ¬Å"Proletarians and Communistsâ⬠, Marx and Engels mention the idea of a political vanguard party that must be formed with the task of leading the proletariat in revolution. This was exactly what Vladimir Lenin did; he started a party, the Bolsheviks, which played the role of the socialist vanguard. The Bolsheviks would eventually overthrow the Tsar and promote the working class. The change in power from the bourgeoisie to the proletariat allows the full development of socialism. Lenin and Marx had the same take on the definition of socialism. They both believed that socialism is the step between capitalism and communism. Yet they had differing approaches towards this. Marx believed that there would be a capitalistic state in place before revolution forces it into socialism. This is preceded by a quick and easy jump into the true communism. In Leninââ¬â¢s Russia they had just broken out of feudalism and the economy was in unrest. So Lenin thought in Russia he could owavpreheas1987http://www.blogger.com/profile/17076737173665807838noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4058572933116895724.post-85272660673507059962019-12-31T10:14:00.001-08:002019-12-31T10:14:03.409-08:00Health Care Controversy Obamacare - 972 Words Health Care Controversy Obamacare may be one of the most debatable topics at the moment ever since 2010. For those who are still confused on what Obamacare is and how it works is understandable and common amongst Americans. Obamacare is also known as the Affordable Care Act. It can be summed up as a law that ensures every American has access to health insurance that is affordable and within their budget. This is done by offering people discounts on government-sponsored health insurance plans, and by expanding the Medicaid assistance program so they include more people who canââ¬â¢t afford health care. In order for someone to qualify for Obamacare they must have an insurance plan that covers at least ten essential services that pertainâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Beginning this year is when nobody can be denied health insurance because of any previous medical conditions they were denied to before. The law also ended insurance denials that were due to pre-existing conditions. Good news for adult child ren is that anyone uo tp 26 can continue to get health insurance on their parentââ¬â¢s policies. The law even ends lifetime limits on insurance payouts and health insurers are demanded to at least spend 85% of their premium dollars on health care. However, some people still find Obamacare flawful and rule out the positivity it impacts on people and focus on the negative it causes. The fact that one must at least have an insurance plan that covers 10 minimum essential health care services to have health insurance now or through Obamacare services bugs most. The government also limits patient choice through federal regulation of the insurance market, government interference in the decisions patients make with their doctors, and the rising dependence of government health programs. Some controversy that has arisen due to Obamacare would be the government website crash that occurred on the last day of open enrollment. The technical problems however had nothing to do with the high dema nd that day. Other issues that have shown up were Republicans see the law as a ââ¬Å"job killerâ⬠as it imposes too many costs on businesses. Republicans heavily impact the states they are inShow MoreRelatedHealth Care Controversy958 Words à |à 4 Pages Health Care Controversy Essay ObamaCare, also known as the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, is a Health care reform law that was signed on March 23, 2010. ObamaCareââ¬â¢s goal is to provide more Americans with affordable health care insurance. ObamaCare also hopes to improve the quality of healthcare and health insurance in America, regulate the healthcare industry, and reduce the cost of healthcare in the United States. ObamaCare is made up of ten titles; I: Quality,Read MoreFinding Common Ground Essay1105 Words à |à 5 Pages Affordable Care Act and Its Controversies On March 23, 2010 President Obama signed the Affordable Care Act (ACA); this date is when the growing debate began. The Affordable Care Act is also commonly known as Obamacare. A large issue between the opposing sides is the future of small business under this bill. ââ¬Å"Many small businesses are going to be absolutely crushed by the provisions in Obamacare that require them to provide expensive health insurance coverage for their employees.â⬠(Snyder, Michael)Read MoreThe Patient Protection And Affordable Care Act1686 Words à |à 7 PagesObama was the first to implement federal health care reform. The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA), otherwise known as Obamacare, was signed into law on March 23, 2010, in efforts to abate healthcare costs and provide health insurance to all United States citizens and legal residents. The intent of Obamacare revolves around providing universal access to healthcare regardless of a pre-existing condition, setting reasonable pr ices for health care insurance, and providing government subsidiesRead MoreThe Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act: An Analysis of Argumentative Articles941 Words à |à 4 PagesObamacare The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (a.k.a. Obamacare) was signed into law on March 23, 2010, and generated much controversy as a regard of the effects that people believed it was going to have on the U.S. The media world has gotten actively involved in discussing the act and while some support its principal ideas, others lobby with regard to how it is going to seriously destabilize the health care system. From an act meant to guarantee that more people in the U.S. have accessRead MoreThe Affordable Care Act ( Aca )810 Words à |à 4 PagesAbsurd? The Affordable Care Act (ACA) has definitely had a tremendous impact on the economics of health care within the United States. However, is this actually the impact that was intended? There are many political controversies over the ACA, which leaves unanswered questions about the true financial projection of the new healthcare reform. The pricing of new health care coverage has forced cost-shifting but more so price discrimination. The main intent of Obamacare was to eliminate the highRead MoreObamacare : The Affordable Health Care Act1610 Words à |à 7 Pagesmonumental in the health care world. These changes have been positive as well as negative. This new government policy has come about through the Affordable Care Act, more commonly known as Obamacare. This new program has been so purely monumental, because government until then had not been directly involved with health care as much as they are. Benefits include lower costs, and thousands of uninsured individuals and famil ies with health care. Downsides are more and higher taxes, and health insurance goesRead MoreThe Obamacare Act962 Words à |à 4 PagesThe Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (a.k.a. Obamacare) was signed into law by President Barack Obama on March 23, 2010. While the act is directed at addressing one of the countrys most pressing problems, it generated much controversy as a consequence of the ethical dilemmas that it brings on. The act provides individuals with a wider range of choices and control over their health coverage. It provides a series of benefits such as peopleRead MoreThe Great Depression : President s Franklin Roosevelt And Herbert Hoover1033 Words à |à 5 Pagesthe Great Depression, and if the were here today I feel they would each deal with the healthcare issue in America in different ways. Each president handled this massive challenge in very different ways. Today, a lot of controversy is on our nationââ¬â¢s health care, and the Obamacare Act. In my opinion, Roosevelt would more than likely help encourage this act, while Hoover on the other hand, would not be so pleased with what it had to offer. In 1929, seven months into Hooverââ¬â¢s Presidency, the stockRead MoreFurthermore, Reproductive Rights Cannot Be Discussed Without1698 Words à |à 7 Pagesmore likely to enter into nursing homes when they are older and live longer lives (2011). Despite these frequencies, women are not often considered or even included when planning healthcare. For example, Medicaid is a government program that provides health insurance to the poor and women are much more likely to face a negative impact when Medicaid faces budget reductions but are never included in the discussion of de-funding Medicaid. Medicare, healthcare for retired people, and Medicaid were both firstRead MorePros and Cons of Obamacare1693 Words à |à 7 Pages Obamacare Controversy always surrounds change. Healthcare is this kind of controversial topic where people refuse to accept changes, even though changes must be made. Obamacare details many changes, how they will be made, and whom they will affect. As with any bill, there are pros and cons that exist as the bill helps many, but makes some a little worse off. Taking into account the pros that include the minimum benefits package and expansion of Medicare coverage as well as the cons that include owavpreheas1987http://www.blogger.com/profile/17076737173665807838noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4058572933116895724.post-74792160877913874602019-12-23T06:01:00.001-08:002019-12-23T06:01:04.148-08:00The Redemption Of The Soul - 1597 Words Katherine was coming into her own as a reformer, and while the King does change a few things about the church, he was far from a reformer. Parr embraced the reformist ideals of reading and interpreting the Bible for herself and firmly believed that religion should be debated and discussed. As shown in her own writings, Parr did not want a priest, or any man for that matter, to speak for her when it came to religious matters and beliefs. According to Porter, he refused to embrace the Lutheran doctrine of justification by faith alone (a belief that Parr held, staunchly), because he believed there must be more to salvation and would not accept that good works and charity did not play their part in the redemption of the soul. Parr blatantly ignored the Act for the Advancement of the True Religion by distributing her text, and while she initially had the blessing of Henry, he quickly regretted the decision and is inspired by those around him to have Parr arrested for her beliefs and fo r spreading them. Parr is fortunate to get a hold of the warrant, and swore as an axiom ââ¬Å"I have not done it (argued religion) so much to maintain opinion, as I did it rather to minister talk, not only to the end that your majesty might with less grief pass over this painful time of your infirmary, being attentive to our talk, and hoping that your majesty shall reap some easy by it; but also that I hearing your Majesty s learned discourse might receive some profit. Henry acceptedShow MoreRelated A Philosophical Criticism of Augustine and Aquinas Essay1548 Words à |à 7 PagesA Philosophical Criticism of Augustine and Aquinas: The Relationship of Soul and Body à à The relationship of the human soul and physical body is a topic that has mystified philosophers, scholars, scientists, and mankind as a whole for centuries. Human beings, who are always concerned about their place as individuals in this world, have attempted to determine the precise nature or state of the physical form. They are concerned for their well-being in this earthly environment, as well as theirRead MoreSlumdog Millionaire: A Broken Mirror Essay1280 Words à |à 6 Pagesââ¬Å"The eyes are the mirror of the soulâ⬠is an old proverb that possesses a mystifying truth. Often times one can look into another personââ¬â¢s eyes and determine if a person is content or angry, inquisitive or confused, or even reputable or malevolent. A few people, however, can look into a mirror, or even at others, and see someone other than the true person standing in front of him. Salim, a character from the movie Slumdog Millionaire is portrayed as one of the ââ¬Å"bad guys,â⬠and rightfully so becauseRead MoreFlannery OConnor: A Brief Biography842 Words à |à 3 Pagesââ¬Å"When a book leaves your hands, it belongs to God. He may use it to save a few souls or to try a few others, but I think that for the writer to worry is to take over Gods business.â⬠(Oââ¬â¢Connor). This statement is encouraging to all believers in God, knowing that it is coming from a fellow Catholic like Flannery Oââ¬â¢Connor. Oââ¬â¢Connor is associated with the Christian Realism movement, which is a logical view developed by a theologian, Reinhold Niebuhr, who argued that the Kingdom of God cannot be realizedRead MoreEssay about Rime of Ancient Mariner1551 Words à |à 7 Pagesaspect of the marinerââ¬â¢s tale is the obvious themes of sin and redemption. By using the story-within-a-story method, Coleridge gives the audience a tale that resembles a very Christian-like voyage from one theme, sin, to the final theme, redemption. Throughout his poem, Coleridge uses th e albatross as a Christ-like figure and illustrates the stages of the marinerââ¬â¢s spiritual journey through themes of sin, punishment, repentance, and redemption. According to Romans 3:23, ââ¬Å"For all have sinned and comeRead MoreThe Inferno And What Dante1374 Words à |à 6 PagesGarden of Eden, which is the terrestrial paradise. After this phase, the next stage of Danteââ¬â¢s journey is taken through the celestial spheres. Summarily, the major theme and the primary concept of the plot revolve around Danteââ¬â¢s journey towards redemption. He seeks to redeem his life and the journey helps him understand better the essence and meaning to which he has been attached in life. It is worth noting that the most interesting part of Danteââ¬â¢s journey happens to be the inferno, although paradoxicallyRead MoreDoctor Faustus : Free Will And Predestination1184 Words à |à 5 Pagesthroughout the play, Faustus is not predestined for damnation and there is not a ââ¬Å"point of no returnâ⬠because of the devils constant temptation, various signals to escape his deal, the countless chances he is given to seek redemption and the opportunity as a Christian to seek redemption. Throughout this play, we see the theme of free will and predestination. Free will is present when Faustus is discussing his reasons for turning to the devils. He is in search of limitless knowledge and magic. AfterRead MoreThe Shawshank Redemption Analysis1725 Words à |à 7 Pagesliberating feeling in which people rejoice. The Shawshank Redemption was an exemplary film that proved how dedication, patience, friendship and hope are extremely powerful and are big supporting factors in life. Shown in The Shawshank Redemption, directed by Frank Darabont, was a passionate and inspiring story of a quiet and wrongly convicted man named Andy Dufresne and his encounters with fear, friendship, freedom and hope. In The Shawshank Redemption, fear is shown through the prisoners of ShawshankRead MoreShakespeares Macbeth and Dr. Faustus Bargain 788 Words à |à 3 Pagessuch prophetic greeting (1.3.73-81). Unlike Banquo, who is undisturbed by this foretelling, Macbeth is captivated by his learned fate. Unconsciously, this bargain entails much more than what Macbeth expected. He loses possible salvation for his soul, sanity, and everything that makes his life living. There are two notable occasions when the readers can see Macbeth losing his sanity. At the end of act 3, scene 3, Macbeth is at the banquet with friends and his wife. During this dinner, he sees ghostlyRead MoreFlannery OConnor1591 Words à |à 7 Pagesand ââ¬Å"Good Country Peopleâ⬠. The imagery is generally comedic and grotesque, which expresses the notion that God works in mysterious ways. Although redemption may be proffered, the protagonists are sometimes kept from salvation by their own intellectual pride. Flannery Oââ¬â¢Connorââ¬â¢s use of characterization and symbolism aid in revealing the theme of redemption in her short stories. One way Oââ¬â¢Connor does this is by using the grandmotherââ¬â¢s murder in ââ¬Å"A Good Man Is Hard To Findâ⬠to express that in certainRead MoreArchetypes And Allusions Of Nathaniel Hawthorne s The Scarlet Letter 1198 Words à |à 5 Pagesin The Scarlet Letter In the nineteenth century novel, The Scarlet Letter, Nathaniel Hawthorne utilizes different origins of allusions and archetypes to emphasize how individuals in order to encourage individuals to forgive sins and work towards redemption. Sin Allusions. From the Bible. In Dimmesdaleââ¬â¢s home, Hawthorne describes a work depicting the Prophet Nathaniel, David, and Bathsheba: ââ¬Å"The walls were hung round with tapestry, said to be from the Gobelin looms, and, at all events, representing owavpreheas1987http://www.blogger.com/profile/17076737173665807838noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4058572933116895724.post-44954886959189441142019-12-15T02:31:00.001-08:002019-12-15T02:31:02.928-08:00Rights of Drug Administration Free Essays THE SIX RIGHTS OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION Right Drug Many drugs have similar spellings and variable concentrations. Before the administration of the medication, it is imperative to compare the exact spelling and concentration of the prescribed drug with the medication card or drug profile and the medication container. Regardless of the drug distribution system used, the drug label should be read at least three times: 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Rights of Drug Administration or any similar topic only for you Order Now Before removing the drug from the shelf or unit dose cart. 2. Before preparing or measuring the actual prescribed dose 3. Before replacing the drug on the shelf or before opening a unit dose container (just prior to administering the drug to the patient) Right Time When scheduling the administration time of a medication, factors such as timing abbreviations, standardized times, consistency of blood levels, absorption, diagnostic testing, and the use of p. r. n. medications must be considered. 1. Standard Abbreviationsââ¬âThe drug order specifies the frequency of drug administration. Standard abbreviations used as part of the drug order specify the times of administrati0n. The nurse should also check institutional policy concerning administration of medications. Hospitals often have standardized interpretations for abbreviations. The nurse must memorize and utilize standard abbreviations in interpreting, transcribing, and administering medications accurately. 2. Standardized Administration Timesââ¬âFor patient safety, certain medications are administered at specific times. This allows laboratory work or ECGs to be completed first, in order to determine the size of the next dose to be administered. 3. Maintenance of Consistent Blood Levelsââ¬âThe schedule for the administration of a drug should be planned to maintain consistent blood levels of the drug in order to maximize the therapeutic effectiveness. 4. Maximum Drug Absorptionââ¬âThe schedule for oral administration of drugs must be planned to prevent incompatibilities and maximize absorption. Certain drugs require administration on an empty stomach. Thus, they are given 1hour before or 2 hours after meals. Other medications should be given with foods to enhance absorption or reduce irritations. Still other drugs are not given with diary products or antacids. It is important to maintain the recommended schedule of administration for maximum therapeutic effectiveness. 5. Diagnostic Testingââ¬âDetermine whether any diagnostic tests have been ordered for completion prior to initiating or continuing therapy. Before beginning antimicrobial therapy, assure that all culture specimens (such as blood, urine, or wound) have been collected. If a physician has ordered serum levels of the drug, coordinate the administration time of the medication with the time the phlebotomist is going to draw the blood sample. When completing the requisition for a serum level of a medication, always make a notation of the date and time that the drug was at last administered. Timing is important; if tests are not conducted at the same time intervals in the same patient, the data gained are of little value. 6. P. R. N. Medicationsââ¬âBefore the administration of any p. r. n. medication, the patientââ¬â¢s chart should be checked to ensure that the drug has not been administered by someone else, or that the specified time interval has passed since the medication was last administered. When a p. rn. medication is given, it should be charted immediately. Record the response to the medication. Right Dose Check the drug dosage ordered against the range specified in the reference books available at the nursesââ¬â¢ station. 1. Abnormal Hepatic or Renal Functionââ¬âAlways consider the hepatic and renal function of the specific patient who will receive the drug. Depending on the rate of drug metabolism and route of excretion from the body, certain drugs require a reduction in dosage to prevent toxicity. Conversely, patients being dialyzed may require higher than normal doses. Whenever a dosage is outside the normal range for that drug, it should be verified before administration. Once verification has been obtained, a brief explanation should be recorded in the nursesââ¬â¢ notes and on the Kardex 9or drug profile) so that others administering the medication will not be repeatedly contacted with the same questions. The following laboratory tests are used to monitor liver function: aspartame aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT), alkaline phosphatase and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH). The blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine (Crs), and creatinine clearance (Ccr) are used to monitor renal function. 2. Pediatric and Geriatric Patientsââ¬âSpecific doses for some drugs are not yet firmly established for the elderly and for the pediatric patient. The nurse should question any order outside the normal range before administration. For pediatric patients, the most reliable method is by proportional amount of body surface area or body weight. 3. Nausea and Vomitingââ¬âIf a patient is vomiting, oral medications should be withheld and the physician contacted for alternate medication orders, as the parenteral or rectal route may be preferred. Investigate the onset of the nausea and vomiting. If itbegan after the start of the medication regimen, consideration should be given to rescheduling the oral medication. Administration with food usually decreases gastric irritation. Consult with a physician for changes in orders. Right Patient When using the medication card system, compare the name of the patient on the medication card with the patientââ¬â¢s identification bracelet. With the unit dose system, compare the name on the drug profile with the individualââ¬â¢s identification bracelet. When checking the bracelet under either system, always check for allergies, as well. Some institutional policies require that the individual be called by name as a means of identification. This practice must take into consideration the patientââ¬â¢s mental alertness and orientation. It is much safer ALWAYS to check the identification bracelet. 1. Pediatric Patientsââ¬âNever ask children their names as a means of positive identification. Children may change beds, try to avoid you, or seek attention by identifying themselves as someone else. Check identification bracelets EVERY TIME. 2. Geriatric Patientsââ¬âIt is a wise policy to check identification bracelets, in addition to confirming names verbally. In a long-term care setting, residents usually do not wear identification bracelets. In these instances, only a person who is familiar with the residents should administer medications. Many errors may be voided by carefully following the practices just presented. Make it a habit to check the identification bracelet EVERY TIME a medication is administered. The adverse effects of administration to the wrong medication to the wrong patient and the potential for a lawsuit can thus be avoided. Right Route The drug order should specify the route to be used for the administration of the medication. Never substitute one dosage form of medication for another unless the physician is specifically consulted and an order for the change is obtained. There can be a great variation in the absorption rate of the medication through various routes of administration. The intravenous route delivers the drug directly into the bloodstream. This route provides the fastest onset, but also the greatest danger of potential adverse effects such as tachycardia and hypotension. The intramuscular route provides the next fastest absorption rate, based upon availability of blood supply. This route can be quite painful, as is the case with many antibiotics. The subcutaneous route is next fastest, based on blood supply. In some instances the oral route may be as fast as the intramuscular route, depending on the medication being given, the dosage form (liquids are absorbed faster than tablets), and whether there is food in the stomach. The oral route is usually safe if the patient is conscious and able to swallow. The rectal route should be avoided, if possible, due to irritation of mucosal tissues and erratic absorption rates. In case of error, the oral and rectal routes have the advantage of recoverability for a short time after administration. Right Drug Preparation and Administration Maintain the higher standards of drug preparation and administration. Focus your entire attention on the calculation, preparation, and administration of the ordered medication. A drug reconstituted by a nurse should be clearly labeled with the patientââ¬â¢s name, the dose or strength per unit of volume, the date and time the drug was reconstituted, the amount and type of diluent used, the expiration date/ or time, and the initials or name of the nurse who prepared it. Once reconstituted, the drug should be stored according to the manufacturerââ¬â¢s recommendation. â⬠¢ CHECK the label of the container for the drug name, concentration, and route of appropriate administration. â⬠¢ CHECK the patientââ¬â¢s chart, Kardex, medication administration record, or identification bracelet for allergies. If no information is found, ask the patient, prior to the administration of the administration of the medication, if he or she has any allergies. â⬠¢ CHECK the patientââ¬â¢s chart, Kardex, medication administration record for rotation schedules of injectable or topically applied medications. CHECK medications to be mixed in one syringe with a list approved by the hospital or the pharmacy for compatibility. Normally, all drugs mixed in a single syringe should be administered within 15 minutes after mixing. Immediately prior to administration, ALWAYS CHECK the contents of syringe for clarity and the absence of any precipitate; if either is pr esent, do not administer the contents of the syringe. â⬠¢ CHECK the patientââ¬â¢s identity EVERY TIME a medication is administered. â⬠¢ DO approach the patient in a firm but kind manner that conveys the feeling that cooperation is expected. DO adjust the patient to the most appropriate position for the route of administration (for example for oral medications, sit the patient upright to facilitate swallowing). Have appropriate fluids ready before administration. â⬠¢ DO remain with the patient to be certain that all medications have been swallowed. â⬠¢ DO use every opportunity to teach the patient and family about the drug being administered. â⬠¢ DO give simple and honest answers or explanations to the patient regarding the medication and treatment. DO use a plastic container, medicine cup, medicine dropper, oral syringe, or nipple to administer oral medications to an infant or small child. â⬠¢ DO reward the child who has been cooperative by giving praise; comfort and hold the uncooperative child after completing the medication administration. â⬠¢ DO NOT prepare or administer a drug from a container that is not properly labeled or from a container where the label is not fully legible. â⬠¢ DO NOT give any medication prepared by an individual other than the pharmacist. ALWAYS check the drug name, dosage, frequency, and route ofadministration against the order. Student nurses must know the practice limitations instituted by the hospital or school and which medications can be administered under what level of supervision. â⬠¢ DO NOT return an unused portion or dose of medication to a stock supply bottle. â⬠¢ DO NOT attempt to administer any drug orally to a comatose patient. â⬠¢ DO NOT leave a medication at the patientââ¬â¢s bedside to be taken ââ¬Å"laterâ⬠; remain with the individual until the drug is taken and swallowed. â⬠¢ DO NOT dilute a liquid medication form unless there are specific written orders to do so. BEFORE DISCHARGE: (1) Explain the proper method of taking prescribed medications to the patient. (2)Stress the need for punctuality in the administration of medications, and what to do if a dosage is missed. (3)Teach the patient to store medications separately from other containers and personal hygiene items. (4)Provide the patient with written instructions reiterating the medication names, schedules, and how to obtain refills. Write the instructions in a language understood by the patient, and use LARGE BOLD LETTERS when necessary. (5) Identify anticipated therapeutic response. 6)Instruct the patient, family member(s), or significant others on how to collect and record data for use by the physician to monitor the patientââ¬â¢s response to drug and other treatment modalities. (7)Give the patient, or another responsible individual, a list of signs and symptoms that should be reported to the physician. (8)Stress measures that can be initiated to minimize or prevent anticipated side effects to the prescribed medication. It is important to do this further encourage the patient to be complaint with the prescribed regimen. Right Documentation Documentation of nursing actions and patient observations has always been an important ethical responsibility, but now it is becoming a major medicolegal consideration as well. Indeed, it is becoming known as the sixth right. Always chart the following information: date and time of administration, name of medication, dosage, route, and site of administration. Documentation of drug action should be made in the regularly scheduled assessments for changes in the disease symptoms the patient is exhibiting. Promptly record and report adverse symptoms observe. Document health teaching performed and evaluate and record the degree of understanding exhibited by the patient. â⬠¢ DO record when a drug is not administered and why. â⬠¢ DO NOT record a medication until after it has been given. â⬠¢ DO NOT record in the nursesââ¬â¢ notes that an incident report has been completed when a medication error has occurred. However, data regarding clinical observations of the patient related to the occurrence should be charted to serve as a baseline for future comparisons. Whenever a medication error does occur, an incident report is completed to describe the circumstances of the event. An incident report related to a medication error should include the following data: date, time the drug was ordered, drug name, dose, and route of administration. Information regarding the date, time, drug administered, and dose and route of administration should be given, and the therapeutic response or adverse clinical observations present should be noted. Finally, record the date, time, and physicianââ¬â¢s ordered given. Be FACTUAL; do not state opinions on the incident report. How to cite Rights of Drug Administration, Essay examples owavpreheas1987http://www.blogger.com/profile/17076737173665807838noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4058572933116895724.post-3549459404777026662019-12-06T22:53:00.001-08:002019-12-06T22:53:04.157-08:00Corporate Strategy Of One Of The Leading Hospitals Of Malaysia Question: Discuss about the Corporate Strategy Of One Of The Leading Hospitals Of Malaysia. Answer: Introduction In todays highly competitive business world, the development and effective implementation of the Corporate Strategies is considered most important for the success of the business. Corporate Strategy can be considered as the overall scope a direction of the businesses for the achievement of the goals and objectives of the companies (Baker, 2014). Thus, it is the responsibility of the highermanagement of the companies to develop and implement corporate strategies. One important part in the aspect of corporate strategy is the development of mission, vision, goals and objectives of the companies. The main aim of this report is to analyze and evaluate various aspects of corporate strategy of one of the leading hospitals of Malaysia. For this reason, Gleneagles Kuala Lumpur is taken into consideration. Gleneagles Kuala Lumpur is considered as one of the major leading hospitals in Malaysia. Gleneagles provides different types of healthcare services and solutions under one roof (gleneagleskl .com.my, 2018). Different stages of the report provide some recommendations for increasing the effectiveness of the corporate strategies of Gleneagles Kuala Lumpur. Benefits of having a Mission, Vision, Aims and Objectives From the analysis of the corporate strategies of Gleneagles, it can be seen that the hospital some clear mission, vision, goals and objectives. The mission of Gleneagles is to create a difference in the life of the common people by providing excellent care and services for the patients (gleneagleskl.com.my, 2018). In addition, the core value of the hospital is involved with people, excellence and results. In this aspect, it needs to be mentioned that there are certain benefits to have a clear mission, vision, aims and objectives. In Gleneagles, the mission statement is considered as the statement of purpose and it works as a guide for the decision-making process of the hospital (gleneagleskl.com.my, 2018). Themanagement of Gleneagles develops strategies to achieve the mission of the company. The vision statement of Gleneagles adds specific direction for the achievement of the organizations values. Apart from mission and vision, Gleneagles becomes highly beneficial from the presence o f aims and objectives as they help the hospital in identifying the future state of affairs for organizations success. Apart from this, another major purpose for Gleneagles to develop aims and objectives is to measure the performance of the hospital in the long-run (gleneagleskl.com.my, 2018). Effectiveness of Strategies and Tactics From the above discussion, it can be seen that Gleneagles has some specific set of aims and objectives and it is important for the hospital to achieve these aims and objectives. For this reason, Gleneagles has developed and implemented some major corporate strategies for the achievement of the aims and objectives. The first corporate strategy of Gleneagles is to ensure excellence in treatment and care (Bryson, 2018). This strategy or tactic involves the reliable recognition and early treatment of different types of diseases. Under this, Gleneagles has also implemented the technique of reliable monitoring of patients for the identification of diseases and for the treatment of deteriorating patients. Another major corporate strategy of Gleneagles is the maintenance of organizational sustainability. Under this strategy, the hospital has adopted some major tactics. Gleneagles has been effectively maintaining and expanding their different range of clinical procedures for the betterment of the patients (Smith, 2013). Moreover, another important tactic used by Gleneagles is the increase in patient experience in comparison with the provided services. Apart from this, Gleneagles has complied with the regulations and policies of workplace safety for the elimination of work related injuries and illness for the staffs of the hospital. Moreover, themanagement of the hospital has developed and implemented several strategies related to environmental sustainability (Bryson, 2012). Thus, from the above discussion, it can be observed that the developed and implemented corporate strategies have integral role to play in the achievement of the aims and objectives of the hospital. Strategies of Organizational Culture and Power Balance in Decision-Making Process The above discussion talk about some specific set of objectives and tactics of Gleneagles. In this context, it needs to be mentioned that certain aspects have influence on the organizational decision-making process of Gleneagles and all these aspects are important aspects. Among all of them, two major aspects having influence on the decision-making process of Gleneagles are Organizational Culture and Power balance. The effects of these two aspects on the business of Gleneagles are discussed. Organizational culture is considered as one of the most important aspects for the success of the business and there is not any exception of this fact in case of Gleneagles. Organizational culture refers to a particular system of shared values, assumptions and beliefs that help in governing the behavior of organization people (Alvesson, 2012). Two types of organizational cultures can be seen within the business organizations; they are strong organizational culture and weak organizational culture. In Gleneagles, the presence of a strong organizational culture can be seen. It needs to be mentioned that the seniormanagement of Gleneagles is the organizational decision makers and the company seeks the participation of all of their employees in the decisions-making process (Alvesson Sveningsson, 2015). The presence of a strong organizational culture leads to a unitve as well as positive attitude of the employees of Gleneagles towards the business decisions. Apart from this, effective orga nizational culture establishes certain virtual regulations about what organizational people should do nor should not. This particular aspects limits the choices of the management team of Gleneagles for decision making (Hogan Coote, 2014). Thus, from the above discussion, it can be seen that organizational culture is the core of Gleneagles and has positive effect on the business decision-making process. The next important aspect is Power Balance in the organization that is connected with organizational structuring of Gleneagles. There needs to be the correct flow of power from the upper management to the employees to support the decision-making process (Clegg, 2013). In case of Gleneagles, it can be observed that power is flown in downward from the board of directors to the administration team. The board of directors of Gleneagles takes the important business decagons and gives power to the administration team to implement them. After that, the administration team takes various steps to implement them with the help of the junior subordinates and others (Emmers, 2012). Thus, from the above discussion, it can be seen that the power flow in a systematic and balanced manner in the hospital that provides great assistance in the decision-making process of Gleneagles. Recommended Strategic Changes for Improvement The recommended strategic changes are discussed below: It is recommended that Gleneagles needs to follow the strategic plan in the most scientific and logical manner. Due to this strategic change, the hospital is required to put more focus on achieving the mid-term goals of the business for making the way easy to chive the long-term goals and objectives (Mantere, Schildt Sillince, 2012). Gleneagles is advised to push their developed strategies close to the mission and vision of them. The large gap between the strategies and vision and mission can disrupt the strategic plan of the hospital. For this reason, Gleneagles is required to choose strategies that are closely related to the mission and vision of the organization. It is recommended to Gleneagles that they should follow the strategy of less is more philosophy for the development of strategic plan. It implies that it is hard to achieve too many goals at a time with the help of strategic plan. Thus, Gleneagles needs to prioritize their business goals so that sufficient resources and support is allocated to achieve them (Sujova Rajnoha, 2012). Most importantly, Gleneagles is required to be realistic while setting the goals and objective for the success and expansion of their business. For this reason, they should set realistic goals that can be achieved and can be measured. Recommendations on Strategic Leadership and Stakeholders Relationship The recommendations for the improvement of strategic leadership in Gleneagles are discussed below: The strategic leaders of Gleneagles are required to have a clear vision as this vision provides them with the idea of how the organization should achieve its core purposes. Thus, the leaders are required to be stay true to this vision. The strategic leaders are needed to be constantly informed and up to date about the industry Gleneagles is operating in and about its competitors (Schoemaker, Krupp Howland, 2013). It is recommended that the strategic leaders of Gleneagles should be able to create a mindset of innovation within the hospital so that they can think differently. The strategic leaders should know how to transform the ideas into specific action. In this process, the strategic leaders of Gleneagles are required to conduct various activities in the organization to invite new ideas for achieving the organizations goals and objectives (Carter Greer, 2013). For this reason, the strategic leaders of Gleneagles need to communicate these ideas with the employees in an effective manner. The recommendations for the improvement in stakeholders relationship in Gleneagles are discussed below: It is recommended that Gleneagles should build strong relationship with their various stakeholders from the beginning. For this reason, Gleneagles is required to share the vision, mission and strategies with the stakeholders on a regular interval (Wagner Mainardes, Alves Raposo, 2012). It is required for the strategic leaders of Gleneagles to involve their major stakeholders in the organizational decision-making process. In this way, the stakeholders feel themselves as a part of the decision-making process of the hospital. In order to improve relationship with the stakeholders, it is recommended that Gleneagles should organize frequent touch-base sessions to discuss and resolve various issues that the stakeholders are facing (Herremans, Nazari Mahmoudian, 2016). At the same time, it is recommended to the strategic leaders of Gleneagles to take necessary steps for resolving the raised issues related with the stakeholders. Conclusion From the above discussion, it can be seen that Gleneagles has specific mission and vision that provides the company with necessary direction for achieving goals and objectives. it can be sen that Gleneagles has developed certain strategies and tactics for achieving these goals and strategies. From the above discussion, it has been observed that organizational culture and power balance has important role to play in the decision-making process. Some major recommendations have been provided to improve strategic leadership and stakeholders relationship like to follow the strategic plan in a scientific manner, alignment of strategies with mission and vision, to resolve the issues of the stakeholders and others. References About Us | Gleneagles Kuala Lumpur. (2018).Gleneagles Kuala Lumpur. Retrieved 9 March 2018, from https://gleneagleskl.com.my/about-us/ Alvesson, M. (2012).Understanding organizational culture. Sage. Alvesson, M., Sveningsson, S. (2015).Changing organizational culture: Cultural change work in progress. Routledge. Baker, M. J. (2014).Marketing strategy and management. Palgrave Macmillan. Bryson, J. M. (2012). Strategic Planning and.The SAGE Handbook of Public Administration, 50. Bryson, J. M. (2018).Strategic planning for public and nonprofit organizations: A guide to strengthening and sustaining organizational achievement. John Wiley Sons. Carter, S. M., Greer, C. R. (2013). Strategic leadership: Values, styles, and organizational performance.Journal of Leadership Organizational Studies,20(4), 375-393. Clegg, S. (2013).The Theory of Power and Organization (RLE: Organizations). Routledge. Emmers, R. (2012).Cooperative Security and the Balance of Power in ASEAN and the ARF. Routledge. Herremans, I. M., Nazari, J. A., Mahmoudian, F. (2016). Stakeholder relationships, engagement, and sustainability reporting.Journal of Business Ethics,138(3), 417-435. Hogan, S. J., Coote, L. V. (2014). Organizational culture, innovation, and performance: A test of Schein's model.Journal of Business Research,67(8), 1609-1621. Mantere, S., Schildt, H. A., Sillince, J. A. (2012). Reversal of strategic change.Academy of Management journal,55(1), 172-196. Mission and Vision | Gleneagles Kuala Lumpur. (2018).Gleneagles Kuala Lumpur. Retrieved 4 March 2018, from https://gleneagleskl.com.my/about-us/mission-and-vision/ Schoemaker, P. J., Krupp, S., Howland, S. (2013). Strategic leadership: The essential skills.Harvard business review,91(1), 131-134. Smith, R. D. (2013).Strategic planning for public relations. Routledge. Sujova, A., Rajnoha, R. (2012). The management model of strategic change based on process principles.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,62, 1286-1291. Wagner Mainardes, E., Alves, H., Raposo, M. (2012). A model for stakeholder classification and stakeholder relationships.Management decision,50(10), 1861-1879. owavpreheas1987http://www.blogger.com/profile/17076737173665807838noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4058572933116895724.post-12426312877526655102019-11-29T10:55:00.001-08:002019-11-29T10:55:05.185-08:00Science and Religion Contradictionsowavpreheas1987http://www.blogger.com/profile/17076737173665807838noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4058572933116895724.post-90251391815640330662019-11-25T15:41:00.001-08:002019-11-25T15:41:04.350-08:00The U.S. Pledge of Allegiance in GermanThe U.S. Pledge of Allegiance in German One of the best ways to learn German is to use something that youre already familiar with. For German students in the United States, the Pledge of Allegiance is a great lesson that can be tailored to beginners and advanced students.à The majority of American students grow up citing the Pledge of Allegiance (Der amerikanische Treueschwur). Its fixed in our memories from a very young age, so learning it in German can really help students understand and practice grammar, pronunciation, and vocabulary in a single and recognizable sentence. U.S. Pledge of Allegiance(DerAmerikanischeTreueschwur) In this instance, we use der Treueschwurà for theà English wordà and the U.S. Pledge of Allegiance translates to derà amerikanischeà Treueschwurà orà Treueschwur der USA. Taking those famous words, I pledge allegiance... into German is a matter of finding the right vocabulary and placing it in the correct word order. The Pledge can be an excellent lesson for students of all levels. Beginners can use it to practice German pronunciation and learn some new vocabulary while reciting it with the familiar cadence. Intermediate students can use it to study word order and proper German grammar. Advanced students can make their own attempts to translate the Pledge into German own, then compare it to the examples given. Keep in mind that translation from one language to another is never perfect or word for word. As you can see in the two examples, different words can mean the same thing. For instance,à schwà ¶reà means swear andà gelobeà means vow, but theyre both used for the verb pledge. Another example is the wordsà jedenà (each) andà alleà (all).à They both can be used to mean everyone, which is what the Pledge implies by all. It should be noted, however, that the first translation is the more widely accepted version of the two. German translation 1: ââ¬Å¾Ich schwà ¶re Treue auf die Fahne der Vereingten Staaten von Amerika und die Republik, fà ¼r die sie steht, eine Nation unter Gott, unteilbar, mit Freiheit und Gerechtigkeit fà ¼r jeden.ââ¬Å" German translation 2: ââ¬Å¾Ich gelobe Treue der Fahne der Vereingten Staaten von Amerika und der Republik, fà ¼r die sie steht, eine Nation unter Gott, unteilbar, mit Freiheit und Gerechtigkeit fà ¼r alle.ââ¬Å" The Pledge of Allegiance: ââ¬Å" I pledge allegiance to the flag of the United States of America and to the Republic for which it stands, one nation under God, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all.â⬠Who Wrote the U.S. Pledge of Allegiance? The Pledge of Allegiance was written by Baptist minister and socialist Francis Bellamy. It first appeared in The Youths Companionà magazine in 1892 to commemorate the 400th anniversary of the discovery of America. The original oath used the phrase ââ¬Å"my flagâ⬠rather than ââ¬Å"the flag of the United States of America.â⬠The change was made in 1923. The next alteration occurred in 1954 when Congress inserted the phrase ââ¬Å"under God.â⬠It is interesting to note that, according to his granddaughter, Bellamy himself would have objected to this religious amendment. Additionally, the author hadà originally wanted to include the word ââ¬Å"equalityâ⬠in front of ââ¬Å"liberty and justice.â⬠He reluctantly left that word out because he felt it controversial. Equality did not seem right to him given the fact that women and African Americans were not considered equal by many people in 1892. owavpreheas1987http://www.blogger.com/profile/17076737173665807838noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4058572933116895724.post-25544601846985223682019-11-21T23:05:00.001-08:002019-11-21T23:05:03.577-08:00Denver Area Educational Telecommunications Consortium v FCC, 518 U.S EssayDenver Area Educational Telecommunications Consortium v FCC, 518 U.S. 727 United States v. Playboy Entertainment Group, 529 U.S - Essay Example In this Act, section 10 (a) and (c) allowed television program operator to forbid or deny broadcasting a program that it practically trusts portrays sexual activities or organs in a patently offensive way. On the other hand, section 10 (b) required the operators to distinguish a ââ¬Å"patently belligerentâ⬠programming, block it and unblock it within 30 days of the viewerââ¬â¢s request (Breyer et al. 1). The appealââ¬â¢s court held that the three sections were coherent with the First Amendment. The ruling was acknowledged in part and reversed in part. The court issued the opinion resolving that à § 10(b) infringes the first modification. The sectionsââ¬â¢ ââ¬Å"distinguish and blockâ⬠requisites have understandable language obstructive upshots for subscribers, who cannot view telecasts distinguished on the ââ¬Å"patently belligerentâ⬠channel devoid of significant prior planning. Additionally, the judge held that section 10 (b) was not properly designed to attain its primary goal of protecting the children from disclosure to ââ¬Å"patently offensiveâ⬠telecasts (Breyer et al. 1). The case number 98-1682, United States, et al., the Appellants, vs. Playboy Entertainment Group, Inc., the Defendant, was argued from November 30, 1999 and decided on May 22, 2000. In this case, the Appellant, United States filed a direct appeal pursuant to section 561 of the Telecommunications Act, 1996. In the prior history of this case, the Appellee, Playboy Entertainment Group, challenged the Telecommunications Act of 1996 by asserting that section 505 was an unreasonably limiting content-oriented statute offensive of the First Amendment. In its previous ruling, the court held that section 505 infringes the First Amendment. This case signified a contest to the à §505 of the Telecommunications Act 1996, Pub. L. 104-104. This section necessitates cable television operators who offer telecasts ââ¬Å"primarily committed to sexually-oriented programmi ngâ⬠either fully block or scramble the broadcasts or restrict their broadcast to a time when children are not probable to be watching preferably between 10 p.m. and 6 a.m. In order to conform to this directive, most of the cable operators implemented the second time broadcasting approach. The upshot of the extensive implementation of the time broadcasting was to do away with the broadcasting of the targeted programming exterior to the shark repellent period in affected cable service parts. In this case, no household would receive this type of programs for two third of the hours of the day. In the appeal case, the court dismissed the appeal for lack of jurisdiction and affirmed its earlier decision. In the Denver Educational Telecommunications Consortium, Inc, et al., vs. Federal Communications Commission et al. case, the court noted that Section 10 (b) infringes the First Amendment. The court noted that tis section had speech limiting effects on the subscribers and that it was not appropriately designed to protect children from ââ¬Å"patently offensiveâ⬠materials. A close examination of section 10 (a) depicted that the statute appropriately addresses a severe issue without inflicting unnecessary limitation on speech (Breyer et al. 1). The appellantââ¬â¢s dependence on the courtââ¬â¢s ââ¬Å"public formâ⬠is ineffective. It is needless and uninformed to decide on how to use the public forum principle to owavpreheas1987http://www.blogger.com/profile/17076737173665807838noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4058572933116895724.post-18514192806363707062019-11-20T18:08:00.001-08:002019-11-20T18:08:07.494-08:00Boundaryless Career Deined Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 wordsBoundaryless Career Deined - Essay Example Though the new boundaryless career era brought along with it a number of exciting features, along with the benefits, there are a number of challenges created by it for the modern graduates. The challenges in the new business world According to scholars like Brocklehurst (n.d.p. 3-4), there are certain fundamentals that people seek in their jobs. Some important aspects are security, community and self-fulfillment. Admittedly, gone are the days when an employee was hired by a company for his lifetime, and once employed, the employees felt considerable amount of security in their jobs. However, in the modern workplace, one is not in a position to feel secure as there is a possibility of change at any time. Companies change their strategies on an everyday basis, they change technologies and consequently the employees are met with a flood of newer and newer information that they fail to grasp fully. While the ones who are able to assimilate and adapt according to the changes manage to sta y afloat, the ones who cannot are left behind. The second point is the community feeling. Evidently, as the work place is volatile, it is a place of discontinued events, and hence, the employees normally find it difficult to grow and retain lasting relationships. The last point is the feeling of self-fulfillment. Admittedly, having some relations and the feeling of belonging are essential for the feeling of self fulfillment. However, when the career ladder is ever-climbing, one feels restless and helpless. Thus, admittedly, the first challenge for the young graduates in the modern business arena is to learn to live without the security that is given by a single employer. The second major challenge for the graduates is the need for life-long learning. To illustrate, gone are the days when a fresher joined a company and went on doing the very same job throughout his life. Now, even a person who wants to pursue the same job will have to learn new and new things as technology goes on ch anging and as newer and newer forms of technology go on assaulting the workplace. For example, if an accountant in the past only required accounting skills, the present-day accountant has to do it using computer and modern software that change every now and then. Thus, for a modern day employee, learning has become life-long, and they have to continue applying the skills and knowledge they learned in one situation in another. The third issue facing young graduates is that they should be adaptable in the modern business world. For example, a manger in a multinational firm will have to work in various cultures and various geographical areas, and the skill of a manager is usually assessed by his readiness to get used to the situations. The one who has foreseen the situation is the best and he epitomizes the modern day employee. The one who is able to adapt immediately will also change and survive. Without the ability to adapt, the employee does not get any feeling of security. In other words, as Sullivan and Emerson (n.d., p.3) point out, ones feeling of security is decided by ones own ability to improvise, not by the employeeââ¬â¢ owavpreheas1987http://www.blogger.com/profile/17076737173665807838noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4058572933116895724.post-26344973311171366362019-11-18T18:37:00.001-08:002019-11-18T18:37:03.245-08:00Evil in St.Augustine's Confessions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1Evil in St.Augustine's Confessions - Essay Example He proposed many interesting arguments. This theme was important for Augustine as he was very sinful until realized the essence of God and religion. His theory is very valuable as it serves as the basis for Christian knowledge. However, as every theory, the ideas of Augustine is not fully accepted and actively criticized. The presence of good and evil in the world is obvious, but what are the relations between them? Many experts emphasize the conflict between good and evil. The main statement of St. Augustine is that evil is simply the absence of good. This presumption has a long history. It is a well known fact that St. Augustine was initially a Manichean and became Christian only after he realized the drawbacks of Persian Dualism religion- Manichaeism. The main idea of this religion lies in the belief in two gods, who represent good and evil. In this religion we can see the struggle between the light and darkness. St. Augustine scrutinized Christianity and rejected Manichaeism. He claimed that in this world there could be only one god, a good one. God and the world that he created are the main aspects of the philosophy of Augustine and the relations between them deserve special attention. Augustine argued that the world is the creation of God, God does not depend on the world and the world is fully dependent on God. Creating human soul, God initially incorporated in it the striving for happiness as the main goal in a manââ¬â¢s life. That is why a man must use all the abilities of his soul to achieve the happiness. Happiness itself consists in the maximum cognition of God and in this case the human reason becomes the main basis for belief. That is why belief is the foundation and the initial point for cognition. Cognition without the belief is sinful. The supreme form of cognition is divine inspiration given by God to humans, who have strong belief. This owavpreheas1987http://www.blogger.com/profile/17076737173665807838noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4058572933116895724.post-49549144579374240502019-11-16T07:09:00.001-08:002019-11-16T07:09:04.283-08:00Mechanisms of V.cholerae Cytolysin (VCC)Mechanisms of V.cholerae Cytolysin (VCC) V.cholerae cytolysin (VCC) is a pore-forming toxin secreted by many pathogenic strains of the Gram-negative bacteria V.cholerae the causative pathogen of diarrheal disease cholera. VCC display potent cytotoxic activity against the erythrocytes and mammalian cells. It is also reported to possess enterotoxin activity in terms of inducing bloody fluid accumulation in the rabbit ileal loops. Based on these observations, VCC has been believed as a potential virulence factor of V.cholerae. VCC, in particular, secreted by the pathogenic strain lacking ââ¬Ëcholera toxinââ¬â¢, the primary virulence factor of V.cholerae that responsible for inducing the massive dehydrating diarrhea disease during V.cholerae infection. VCC is encoded by the hlyA gene present in V.cholerae chromosome two. VCC toxin is synthesized as a ~ 81 kDa protein, called Pre-Pro-VCC. During the secretion of toxin, the N-terminal signal peptide composed of 25-residue is removed to generate a nonfunctional precursor form of the VCC molecule, named as Pro-VCC. Following, ~ 15 kDa N-terminal sequences from Pro-VCC is proteolytically deleted that resulting the formation of the functional mature form of the toxin. Proteolytic activation of the toxin is mediated by the HA/protease, which display the major extracellular proteolytic activity of V.cholerae. Conversion from Pro-VCC into the mature state of the VCC can also be obtained in vitro by other proteases like trypsin, chymotrypsin, and subtilisin. It has been reported that the activation of the Pro-VCC can be resulted by the proteolytic activity of the proteases present on the surface of the target host cell membrane as well. Functional mature form of the toxin has been displaying to induce lysis of the erythrocytes and other eukaryotic cells by generating the heptameric oligomeric pore structure of 1-2 nm diameters. The functional membrane permeabilization ability of the toxin could also be resembled in the membrane lipid bilayer of the synthetic liposomes. Along with its membrane permeabilization activity, VCC toxin also displayed a prominent lectin-like activity by binding to the complex glycoproteins and glycolipids with the terminal à ²1-galactosyl component. VCC is characterized as a member of à ²-PFTs and reported that the toxin follow the overall scheme of the generalized à ²-PFT mode of action. Structural Features of VCC VCC is secreted as a water-soluble monomeric form of the toxin, which after the removal of the N-terminal Pro-domain gets converted into the mature functional form of the molecule. VCC induces lysis of its target cells by generating heptameric oligomeric pores on the membrane. The high-resolution structure of the water-soluble, monomeric precursor state Pro-VCC toxin has been determined. Heptameric transmembrane structure of the VCC has also been determine recently. Many previous studies confirmed that the VCC is a à ²-PFTs family member, and the toxin employed pore-forming activity by generating the transmembrane heptameric à ²-barrel pores on the target cell membrane. Consistent with the à ²-PFTs tramsmembrane pore structure, pore complex of VCC represent a mushroom-shaped organization, which can be divided into two parts: (a) transmembrane b-barrel structural, and (b) membrane interacting rim domain. Structural analysis of the VCC molecule highlights many unique features which are not reported in the archetypical member of à ²-PFTs family. Consistent with the structural of archetypical à ²-PFTs, VCC harbors a central cytolysin domain that constitutes the core structure of the mushroom-shaped oligomeric transmembrane pore structure. The cytolysin domain contains the pore-forming stem-loop of the toxin. Apart from cytolysin domain, VCC structure also contains three additional structural domain which are not commonly documented in any other member of b-PFTs family: an N-terminal Pro-domain in the inactive Pro-VCC precursor state of the toxin, and two lectin-like domain name à ²-Trefoil domain and à ²-Prism lectin-like domain at the C-terminal side of the cytolysin domain. Cytolysin domain The VCC molecular structure contains 325 amino acid long cytolysin domain that structurally similar with the cytolysin domains present in the member of à ²-PFTs like S. aureus à ±-hemolysin. Cytolysin domain of the VCC during the membrane pore-formation process inserts its ââ¬Ëpre-stemââ¬â¢ region into the lipid bilayer and generates à ²-barrel structure on the membrane and provides the central scaffold of the pore structure. VCC generate mushroom-shaped oligomeric transmembrane pore structures that can be classify into two major parts: (a) transmembrane region that make the à ²-barrel pore structure, and, (b) membrane interacting rim-domain that interact with the membrane surface. The membrane inserted à ²-barrel structure of the VCC pore structure is composed solely of the central cytolysin domain of the toxin. Notably, the majority of the rim-domain is also generated by the cytolysin domain. Cytolysin domain of the toxin harbors the 42-residue long ââ¬Ëpore-forming loopââ¬â¢ loop that involve in the formation of the transmembrane à ²-barrel pore structure. In the water soluble monomeric form of the toxin, this region remains completely folded against the cytolysin domain, in the form of a so named ââ¬Ëpre-stemââ¬â¢ motif. During the process of the functional pore-formation, the ââ¬Ëpre-stemââ¬â¢ loop from each of the participating protomers undergoes enormous structure recognition to obtain a so-called ââ¬Ëstemââ¬â¢ configuration, and inserted into the lipid bilayer of the membrane. Stem region from each of the protomers contributes two à ²-strands towards the formation of the stem region of the heptameric à ²-barrel pore structure. Heptameric oligomer highlights that the stem regions make the extensive interaction between the neighboring protomers and hence contribute towards the robust stability of the transmembrane oligomeric assembly. Apart from the pore-forming stem-loop segment, other part of the cytolysin domain contains the membrane-proximal rim-domain of the transmembrane pore structure. Structural analysis of the à ²-PFTs pore, suggests that the membrane-proximal rim-domain work as the structure motif for transmembrane pores. Rim-domain acts as structural scaffolds that mediate interaction of the protein with the lipid head-group of the target membrane lipid bilayer. Cytolysin domain of the VCC contributes towards the interaction of the toxin with the lipid head-group of the membrane. Pro-domain As mentioned previously, VCC toxin is secreted by yet bacteria as the water-soluble inactive precursor state called Pro-VCC. The high resolution three-dimensional structure of Pro-VCC molecule shown the presence of ~ 15 kDa Pro-domain, which make contact to the N-terminal of the core cytolysin domain through a 29-residue long flexible linker.The linker region harbors ~ amino acid long structural motif that act as the cleavage site(s) for a group of proteases. Proteolytic removal of the Pro-domain at this linker sequence resulted in the generation of a mature form of the toxin. The presence of the Pro-domain in the precursor form of the toxin has been reported to be critical for the efficient secretion and the appropriate folding of the VCC molecule. One earlier study has been reported that the recombinant V.cholerae cells, containing the deleted variant of hlyA gene lacking the sequence for the Pro-domain, unable to secrete the protein outside the bacterial cells. In vitro denaturati on/renaturation, assay have demonstrated that without the Pro-domain VCC fails to refold back to its active conformation, whereas Pro-VCC can obtain proper refolding. Recent study on Pro-domain, suggested that the presence of Pro-domain increase the unfolding property of the Pro-VCC molecule in response to many denaturing conditions, whereas mature active form of the toxin display considerable resistant towards the unfolding of the toxin. Overall, these studies suggested, the Pro-domain show an intramolecular chaperone-like activity in term of providing significant level of structural plasticity in the VCC structure, which probably essential for the efficient secretion of the toxin in its precursor from across the bacterial membrane. However, itââ¬â¢s not clear so far how the presence of the Pro-domain keep the protein in its precursor form. à ²-Trefoil lectin-like domain: VCC harbors a à ²-Trefoil lectin-like domain (~ 15 kDa) at the C-terminal edge of the center cytolysin domain. This à ²-Trefoil lectin-like domain is also present in related cytolysin from Vibrionaceae bacteria, but not present in the archetypical à ²-PFTs protein for example S. aureus à ±-hemolysin. The à ²-Trefoil lectin-like domain is associated with the cytolysin domain through a short linker sequence constitute of Gly-Gly-Arg-Pro. The à ²-Trefoil lectin-like domain of VCC display structural similar to the carbohydrate-interacting domain of the plant toxin ricin, and featured the presence of the QXW conserved carbohydrate-interacting motif (s) observed in the archetypical à ²-Trefoil lectin domains of carbohydrate binding lectins. However, the carbohydrate binding propensity of the à ²-Trefoil domain of VCC has not been elucidated. Also, the implications of the à ²-Trefoil domain in the structure-function mechanism of the VCC need to be explored in future. à ²-Prism lectin-like domain: The VCC harbors an additional ~ 15 kDa domain that is linked to the C-terminal of the à ²-Trefoil domain through the long linker sequence.This domain is not present in any other member of the à ²-PFTs family, including the cytolysin secreted by V.vulnificus and Aeromonas hydrophilia.The C-terminal domain of the VCC display structural similarity to several à ²-Prism lectins including jacalin and Maclura pomifera agglutinin (MAP). VCC à ²-Prism lectin-like domain possess a binding pocket similar to the carbohydrate-binding site of the jacalin and MPA lectins. Recently, we have conclusively established the role of à ²-Prism domain in the lectin activity of the toxin. In the absence of the à ²-Prism domain, VCC toxin did not show lectin activity towards à ²-1 galactosyls terminated glycoconjugates. We have identified the critical site within the à ²-Prism domain which responsible for the lectin activity of the toxin. We reported that the amino acid tried (composed of Asp617, Tyr6 54, and Tyr679) located within the putative carbohydrate-interacting pocket generate the crucial element for the VCC lectin activity. Overall, it has been established that the à ²-Prism domain of the VCC act as structural scaffold playing a critical role in the lectin-like activity of the toxin. During the process of functional pore-formation in the lipid bilayer of the target host membrane, VCC molecule undergoes enormous structural reorganization. The à ²-Prism domain of the VCC obtained two different positions with respect to the core cytolysin domain, in the monomeric precursor form (Pro-VCC) and the transmembrane pore structure. In monomeric water-soluble inactive precursor Pro-VCC, the à ²-Prism domain positioned on the opposite side of the Pro-domain on top of the pre-stem region, whereas in the transmembrane pore structure it is relocated in the place of the Pro-domain. This structural rearrangement of the à ²-Prism domain is mandatory for the membrane insertion, and the functional oligomeric pore-formation procedure. In the absence of such structural reorganization of the à ²-Prism domain, it would be located in such a way that would generate steric hindrance between the contributing protomers and subsequently block the oligomerization of the toxin. Also, without such reorganization of the à ²-Prism domain, the pre-stem loop would not be able to unfold for the membrane insertion of the toxin. Overall it appears that the à ²-Prism domain-mediated lectin activity of the toxin might act as a triggering mechanism to allow such structural reorganization of the à ²-Prism domain with respect to core cytolysin domain. Our study suggested that the presence of the à ²-Prism domain in VCC molecule is critical for the efficient membrane pore-formation of the toxin. The à ²-Prism domain truncated variant of the toxin display abortived membrane pore-formation. However, in the absence of à ²-Prims domain, VCC molecule could generate membrane-associate oli gomers but does not show any functional membrane pore-forming activity. Structural reorganizations during oligomeric pore-formation: Structural analysis of the water-soluble monomeric form and the transmembrane oligomeric structure of VCC reveal that the VCC molecule undergoes structural reorganization within the toxin monomer during the process of the oligomeric transmembrane pore-forming procedure. The most critical structural change is the unfolding the ââ¬Ëpre-stemââ¬â¢ region from the cytolysin domain, and its insertion into the lipid bilayer to generate ââ¬Ëstemââ¬â¢ configuration. In the water soluble monomeric structure of Pro-VCC, the ââ¬Ëpre-stemââ¬â¢ region remains packed between the b-Prism domain and the cytolysin domain of the toxin. Hence, the movement of à ²-Prism domain is essential for the conversion of ââ¬Ëpre-stemââ¬â¢ to the ââ¬Ëstemââ¬â¢ region of the toxin. During the formation of the functional pore-formation of the toxin on the membrane, the à ²-Prism domain of the toxin reorients with respect to the central cytolysin domain by almost 180o angle, and attends the location where the Pro-domain was located in the Pro-VCC molecule structure. This reorganization of the à ²-Prism domain of the VCC represents the second most critical structural change involved in the membrane pore-formation of the VCC toxin. The structural change in the position of the à ²-Prism allows the ââ¬Ëpre-stemââ¬â¢ to undergo the reorganization for the following membrane insertion and the functional heptameric pore-formation process. Structural Features of the VCC à ²-Barrel Pore Earlier study based on the Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) characterized the transmembrane oligomer of VCC as typical ring-like structures with the inner diameter of almost 1-2 nm. Inhibitions in the cell cytotoxic ability by the osmoprotectants of defined molecular sizes have also advised similar pre diameter for VCC oligomer pore. Single channel conductance measurement by using the VCC oligomeric pore generated in the synthetic lipid bilayer suggested that VCC produce anion-selective diffusion channels. This analysis also indicated that the VCC pore is having asymmetric pore geometry: larger opening in the ââ¬Ëcis-sideââ¬â¢ than in the ââ¬Ëtrans-sideââ¬â¢ with a narrow region at the central part of the human. The high-resolution structure of the VCC oligomer suggests ââ¬Ëcup-shapedââ¬â¢ lumen geometry of the pore. Analysis of the oligomeric pore structure also suggests that the narrow constriction near the central of the pore lumen is generated by the aroma tic ring of a tryptophan residue contributed by each of the participating protomers during heptameric pore-formation. Mechanism of Membrane Pore-formation The functional pore-formation of the à ²-PFTs involve on the membrane lipid bilayer of the target cells involves three distinct steps: (i) interaction of the water-soluble monomeric form of the toxin towards the target cell membrane; (ii) self-assembly of the membrane-associated monomeric toxin to generate the intermediate ââ¬Ëpre-poreââ¬â¢ oligomeric assembly on the membrane surface; (iii) conversion from the transient ââ¬Ëpre-poreââ¬â¢ oligomeric assembly to the functional transmembrane pore structure. During the process of the pore-formation, the pore-forming ââ¬Ëstem-loopââ¬â¢ of the toxin inserted into the membrane lipid bilayer and generates the transmembrane à ²-barrel structure. Many structural studies reported that the member of à ²-PFTs follow the similar way of pore-formation on the membrane. However, each member of the à ²-PFTs family differs from each other in the definite step towards the pore-formation process. Membrane interaction step displays e normous range of variation in term of receptor specificity, the role of different lipid component and presence of specific carbohydrate receptor on the membrane. Notably, the molecular mechanism that involve the discrete steps for the functional pore-formation are not properly elucidate for most of the à ²-PFTs members. The pore-formation on the membrane by VCC can resemble in the synthetic lipid bilayer liposomes indicating that the membrane association step does not critically required any particular non-lipid components. However, the membrane pore-formation is reported more efficient in the biomembrane as compared to that in the synthetic lipid bilayer of the liposomes, indicating the role of extra molecule present on the cell membrane plays significant role in the pore-formation process. For example, erythrocytes are more susceptible compared to the liposome. Notably, VCC toxin displays a different level of hemolytic activity towards the erythrocytes of the different species. R abbit erythrocytes are found to exhibit more sensitive as compared to the human erythrocytes. Earlier studies have suggested the role of many cell surface receptor proteins (e.g., glycophorin B on the human erythrocytes) as a potential receptor molecule for the VCC toxin. VCC displayed potent lectin-like activity towards the interacting with the cell membrane. However, the specific receptor for the VCC has not been identified. The formation of the transmembrane oligomeric pore structure can be induced in the presence of the synthetic lipid bilayer liposomes. A previous study suggested that the binding of the VCC molecule with the liposomes driven mostly by global amphiphilicity of the monomeric state of the toxin. However, the self-assembly of the toxin and membrane pore-formation has been observed more specific events required the specific components of the membrane. More importantly, the presence of the cholesterol in the lipid bilayer of the membrane has been reported to play cri tical role in the membrane pore-formation of the toxin. In our recent study, we identified the specific lipid-binding structure motif present within the cytolysin domain of the toxin. However, our study suggested that the specific motif is responsible for the lipid association in general not specific towards the cholesterol presence in the lipid bilayer of the membrane. In the pore-formation process of the VCC, the ââ¬Ëpore-forming loopââ¬â¢ of the toxin unfolds and insert into the membrane toward the generation of the functional pore-formation. It is reported that the trapping of the pore-forming stem-loop in its pres-stem configuration through engineered disulfide linkage could arrest the toxin in its pre-pore oligomeric assembly. Also, a VCC variant without the pre-stem loop is found to remain arrest in the pre-pore oligomer on the membrane surface. Overall these studies suggested that the VCC follows the archetypical à ²-PFTs mechanism of pore-formation. A previous study indicated that the membrane interaction of the VCC precedes membrane oligomerization. Many environmental factors also affect the binding and oligomerization events of the toxin. For example, membrane association can occur even at a low temperature of 4 oC while the membrane oligomerization and functional pore-formation blocked under the similar condition. This observation clearly indicated that the association of the toxin with the target cell membrane is distinct step from its subsequent oligomerization and pore-formation steps. owavpreheas1987http://www.blogger.com/profile/17076737173665807838noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4058572933116895724.post-16036746042401303742019-11-13T19:39:00.001-08:002019-11-13T19:39:02.778-08:00Monica Lewinsky: Women in Society, Body Image and Feminism :: Essays PapersMonica Lewinsky: Women in Society, Body Image and Feminism In the current post-impeachment proceedings the question becomes whom it has affected most and what it will mean to them and their agenda. Obvious groups that will suffer most from the impeachment that are subject to the after effects are the Republican Party and American politics in general. As far as individuals are concerned, Monica Lewinsky has a good deal of post-scandal baggage. But what about those who will experience the effects of Monica and what she represents as a woman in American society? The movement which has suffered the most in the standpoint of social and political agenda are the Feminists. Using Feminist criticism to analyze the discourse surrounding and as well as by the speaker, Monica, I aim to reveal how women's place in society led by the Feminist's has changed due the sex scandal and where it maybe headed next. In looking at this aspect of the scandal it becomes crucial not just to analyze the discourse of Feminists and Monica but to find it in a larger scheme of a society which shapes many of the gender roles and pressures put on individuals to look and act in certain ways. There is an evident change in the role of women in American society that has occurred as a result of the scandal which is important not just to the Feminists and their supporters but to any female who enters the public arena and is faced with pressures and expectations put on them as a result of their gender. As a leading special interest group, Feminists, who are politically active concerning gender roles in society, have been at the forefront of the Paula Jones case and the Lewinksy-Clinton scandal. What comes at odds with the Feminist stance in politics is a womanizing Democratic President that they support and his opportunizing and provocative young mistress. It was something the Feminists were neither prepared for nor easily responded to when given the option of a liberal President with sexual issues or the conservative, Republican moralists taking charge. We deplore his misconduct but we also understand the hypocrisy of his opponents. We Have years of progress at stake if the President is hounded out of office. But worse yet, We wish the ushering into power of a puritanical or fundamentaliststs, sex police which Speaks of freedom but allows government to destroy the right of privacy. owavpreheas1987http://www.blogger.com/profile/17076737173665807838noreply@blogger.com0