God Loves Uganda Response Paper Essay Example for Free

God Loves Uganda Response Paper Essay I was aware of strong anti-homosexuality prejudice in Uganda from discussions with friends and some news coverage I saw on the internet. However, I was unaware of the influence of U. S. evangelical missionaries until I saw the documentary God Loves Uganda. The film’s director, Roger Ross Williams, illuminates how American missionaries in Uganda campaign to condemn homosexuality and ban condoms as part of their abstinence only education. Missionaries in the film hail from the International House of Prayer (IHOP) in Kansas City, Missouri. They take direction from the charismatic Lou Engle, who is a prominent leader of the evangelical Christian right. Throughout the documentary, these missionaries speak candidly about their core religious beliefs without coercion or the trickery of film editing. The American pastor behind the anti-gay vitriol spread by these â€Å"well-meaning† IHOP missionaries is Scott Lively. It is important to note that Scott Lively is quite the conspiracy theorist and anything he says should be taken with a grain of salt. He co-founded the anti-gay group Watchmen on the Walls and authored books such as The Pink Swastika: Homosexuality in the Nazi Party, 7 Steps to Recruit-Proof Your Child, and The Poisoned Stream: â€Å"Gay† Influence in Human History (Scherr). Lively has forged relationships with Ugandan religious leaders, who preach his toxic message to their congregations. Two of the biggest myths that Lively and IHOP missionaries teach in Uganda are that homosexuality is a Western import trying to recruit children and that homosexuals can choose to be heterosexual. In Uganda, Same-sex relations have been deemed â€Å"unnatural† and laws against it have been in place forever. However, in 2009, anti-gay fervor reached new heights when the Ugandan Anti- Homosexuality Act was introduced to parliament. The bill criminalizes homosexual relations, which are punishable by life in prison or even death for serial offenders. Inspiration for the AntiHomosexuality Act directly stems from Scott Lively’s seminar titled, â€Å"Exposing the Truth Behind Homosexuality and the Homosexual Agenda†, which he presented before Ugandan Parliament. (Lapin) In conjunction with anti-homosexual propaganda, the missionaries preach that condoms should be banned, as abstinence is the key to lowering the HIV rate. The Ugandan government supports this flawed abstinence only policy. As a result, both hetero and homo sexual relations are stigmatized and condoms are not used. Therefore, disease continues to spread and wreak havoc on Ugandan society. Race and colonialism are not explicitly mentioned in the film but they are undeniable factors. Race has been beneficial to the missionaries. As ex-communicated, Bishop Christopher Senyonjo says of Ugandan’s relationship to the missionaries, â€Å"Because they are white, people believe them. † Colonizing of values is certainly happening. Africa has always been a place in which colonial aspirations come to fruition. Rather than exporting a way of governing to the colonies, missionaries are exporting religious governance. In addition to building orphanages and other good works, IHOP missionaries have exacerbated the anti-gay climate in Uganda. These people infiltrate Uganda in the name of God, demonize homosexuality as part of Biblical law, and then leave citizens to take the real law into their own hands. Consequently, LGBT people in Uganda fear for their lives. Now I must ask, is this what Jesus would want? Bibliography Lapin, Andrew. God Loves Uganda. The Dissolve. The Dissolve, 9 Oct. 2013. Web. 24 Oct. 2013. Scherr, Sonia. U. S. Anti-Gay Activists Under Fire for Role in Uganda. Souther Poverty Law Center. Intelligence Report, Apr. -May 2010. Web. 23 Oct. 2013.

Engineering Systems and Components of Centrifuge

Engineering Systems and Components of Centrifuge Description The main job of the horizontal decanter centrifuge is to separate materials of different densities. In this system, the centrifuge is required to separate the olive oil from water and any other solids such as stones. The decanter centrifuge (Figure 1) is part of the olive pressers assembly line made up of four main machines: de-leafing washing, olive crushing mill, horizontal malaxer, and the centrifuge. Figure 1 shows briefly what the assembly line consists of. The inputs into the centrifuge are olives which have undergone a number of processes through the other main machines of the olive presser assembly line. These processed olives are referred to as cake. This cake is the input of the decanter centrifuge and contains stone, water, other chemical additives, and oil. The centrifuge uses the concept of sedimentation to separate the cake into heavy liquid and light liquid, the lighter liquid being the olive oil, which is the output required from the system. Basically, due to the difference in densities the cake and oil will separate naturally given enough time (the oil floats on top of the cake). The centrifuge speeds up this process using high rotational speeds, exerting up to 4000G on the cake. This is useful since a process that would take hours to achieve could happen in a matter of seconds. The centrifuge rotates at high speeds, resulting in the separation of the contents inside the centrifuge according to their density, allowing the olive oil to be retrieved from the system [1]. ADD SCREENSHOT OF CENTRIFUGE Overview of OperationThe cake is input to the system through a small inlet tube encased in a wider shaft. This shaft has an Archimedean spiral, i.e. the scroll, welded to it. The shaft together with the scroll is called the conveyor, and it is encased in a drum. The shaft, and thus also the scroll is turned by a motor pulley system. The cake flows into the scroll area where separation of the olive oil from the cake occurs due to the high Gs generated by rotation and the angle at one end of the scroll. The olive oil and waste are output through nozzles at opposite ends of the centrifuge drum.The centrifuge is attached to the frame using a pillow block bearing. The frame supports the entirety of the system. Basic Sizing Requirements By comparing to existing centrifuges, the optimal drum diameter and rotational speed are 425 mm, and 3800 RPM respectively. A 1:4 design ratio (drum diameter compared to the drum length) is adopted, resulting in a centrifuge length of 1700 mm [2]. A beach angle of 200 is taken, as explained in Appendix 1. Specification Sheet Centrifuge Specifications Centrifuge Type Two-phase; Horizontal Maximum Overall Length 3 m Maximum Overall Width 1.5 m Maximum Overall Height 1.5 m Input Rate 450 kg/h Centrifuge RPM 3800 Centrifuge Beach Angle 200 Centrifuge drum diameter 425 mm Centrifuge diameter to length ratio 1:4 Centrifuge Length 1700 mm Centrifuge shaft outer diameter 120 mm Tree Diagram The following tree diagram is a graphical representation of the centrifuge and its sub-systems. Please turn over to find the above mentioned tree diagram. Block Diagram The following block diagram is a graphical representation of how the centrifuge works in order to extract the oil from the olives. This graphical representation will provide a better understanding of how the sub-systems interact with one another. Please turn over for the above mentioned block diagram. Brief explanation of the chosen components Drive Frame (Figure 2): A tray to which the motor is bolted down to stay in position. It is attached to the legs of the centrifuge lower casing. It determines the distance between the shaft of the motor and shaft of the centrifuge. Figure 2: Drive Frame Centrifuge Frame (Figure 3): The overall frame of the decanter, this supports the entire structure of the centrifuge. Figure 3: Centrifuge Frame Upper Casing (Figure 4): The Upper casing covers the drum of the centrifuge. It blocks contaminants from making contact with the drum and restricts the user of the machine from making contact with moving parts, providing better safety. Figure 4: Upper Casing Lower Casing (Figure 5): The lower casing acts as a collector for the products discharged from the rotating assembly and transports them to receivers for onward handling. The casing has to keep these separated entities apart. So it can be concluded that the casing as an oil collector at one end and a cake discharge collector at the conical side. Figure 5: Lower Casing Feed Tube (Figure 6): A tube that the cake is transported to the centrifuge from the malaxer. This is also the input of the centrifuge. Its inner diameter is determined by its required input flow rate. Figure 6: Feed Tube 3-phase Motor (Figure 7): The motor provides the initial torque required to rotate the belt. The motor chosen is the AEG AM 132M ZA4*[3], a 3-phase motor which provides 7.5kW of power, with the possibility of increasing the power up to 9.2kW through a small modification, making this a flexible choice. Figure 7: 3-Phase Motor Belt (Figure 8): The Flat belt connects the pulley of the 3-phase motor and the centrifuge drum together, transferring power. The chosen Flat-belt is a Polyamide A-3c belt since it provides the appropriate thickness, allowable tension, and coefficient of friction, while also being appropriate for the minimum pulley diameter. Pulley (Figure 8): The pulley is used to modify the speed of the drum and is connected to the motor. Key: A 8 x 10 mm rectangular key 70 mm long is added to the motor pulley in order to make sure that the pulley spins together with the motor shaft in such a way that there is no relative motion between the two. Figure 8: Belt and Pulley Belt Guard (Figure 9): The purpose of the belt guard is to protect the belt and pulley system from any accidents. It prevents contact of the belt with any foreign objects by stopping them from entering the belt area without removing the guard first. This may prevent injuries and breakages. The guard also keeps the belt area clean from any residual debris generated during the process. It can be easily removed for maintenance and cleaning. Figure 9: Belt Guard Figure 10: Drum shell with Archimedes screw inside Drum: The drum (Figure 10) is a cylindrical tube with flanges at both ends. At one end, the liquid discharge drum hub, this is where liquids are discharged from the centrifuge, while on the other side the cake discharge hub is connected, this is where solids are discharged from the centrifuge. The separation medium reaches its maximum speed in the decanter drum. This causes the solids to settle on the wall of the drums inner diameter. This is all a result of the high centrifugal force, which acts on the particles. One distinctive feature of the drum is its tapered shape. This tapered shape is referred to as the beach. The beach is a conical section at the end of drum. It has this conical shape to exert additional force on the solids, hence squeezing out the last drops of liquid. In this part of the process the centrifugal force push the solids uphill. This design helps to elevate the solids above the waterline in the discharge chamber. Figure 11: Bearing Setup [2] Front hub bearings: This horizontal setup (Figure 11) is supported by the use of bearings which are cased in a pillow block. Bearings are used to reduce friction and the effects brought on the component through wear and tear. This bearing used in this assembly is a roller bearing. The roller bearing is a bearing in which the main load is transferred through elements in rolling contact. Pillow Block: The fundamental application of the pillow block is to mount the bearing safely, which enables the bearings outer ring to be stationary, while the bearing inner ring to rotate. The bearing is supported in a housing and sealed with a non-contacting flinger. This non-contacting flinger is a seal, as the name implies it does not come into contact with the shaft. Its main application is to keep lubricants and grease from escaping, while at the same time it helps keep water, dust and other contaminants that could be harmful, out of the bearing assembly. It does this with the help of the centrifugal force. Rear hub Bearings: The rear hub bearing assembly is similar to that of the front hub. Its main job is to support one side of the conveyer. This bearing also resists the axial thrust of the scroll. Figure 12: Generated 3D Representation of Conveyor. Conveyer: The conveyer (Figure 12) is a central hub with a continuous helix welded to it. The conveyer is in the shape of an Archimedes screw fitting inside the drum, between the 2 end hubs. This conveyer will have a small clearance in relation to the drum. It main job is to carry solids which have settled against the walls of the drum, then pushing these solids towards the beach where they can be discharged. Its main functions are to convey the solids after they form a cake, accept the feed and accelerates it up to the drum speed. The material used is EN 1.4571 which is a form of high speed steel (HSS). The conveyer is the transport tool in a decanter centrifuge. The conveyer rotates with a different speed in relation to the drum, subsequently transporting the settled solids towards the conical shape of the drum. Also, the speed at which the conveyer rotates in relation to the drum defines how long a solid spends in the drum. The pitch of the conveyer is related to the transport pe rformance of the centrifuge [2]. This conveyor is comprised of two main sub-components; the scroll, and the shaft. The scroll is welded to the shaft, which rotates. While the two obviously need to be machined separately and welded together for economic reasons, they will be considered as a single part; the conveyor. Calculations Nomenclature Variable (Motor) Description P Power T Torque à Ã¢â‚¬ ° Angular velocity Variable (Flow) Description V Volume A Cross-Sectional Area of segment L Length of segment à Ã‚ Ã‚ ­cake Density of cake Variable (Belt) Description D Driver/Motor pulley diameter d Driven/Shaft diameter n1 RPM of shaft n ­Ã‚ ­2 RPM of motor pulley d Angle of contact for shaft D Angle of contact for motor pulley C Distance between centres t Thickness of belt b Wirth of belt l Length of belt ÃŽÂ · Specific weight of belt à Ã‚  Density of belt V Volume of belt m Mass per unit length of belt r Radius of pulley à Ã¢â‚¬ ° Rotational Velocity FC Centrifugal force on belt F1 Tension in tight side of belt F2 Tension in loose side of belt Fi Initial force required to overcome friction ÃŽÂ ¼ Coefficient of friction FR Resultant force of belt on shaft Variable (Deflection) Description E Youngs modulus of material I Moment of Inertia of shaft y Deflection in shaft Variable (Bearings) Description P1 Weight of conveyor P2 Force exerted on shaft by belt RA Reaction at bearing A RB Reaction at bearing B Variable (Shaft) Description Bending Stress Shear Stress M Maximum Bending Moment c Outer radius of shaft I Moment of Inertia of shat T Torque applied J Polar Moment of Inertia router Outer radius of shaft rinner Inner radius of shaft Calculations and Sizing Material Selection Since the machine will make contact with biological materials, certain characteristics and requirements have to be met in order to ensure that the parts making up the centrifuge will not chemically alter or affect the product in anyway. A list of materials suitable for food processing has been compiled by the FDA, based in the US. The 6th iteration of this code, released in 2013, gives specific requirements with regards to materials used in food-contact surfaces of equipment in chapter 4, subpart 4-101.11. Among these requirements are corrosion resistance and durability. Considering this, the material chosen for all the parts that will come into contact with the product; namely the centrifuge and its casing; the chosen material is EN 1.4571 Stainless Steel, which suitably fits all relevant requirements. [4] REF FDA? Calculations to find motor required Aim: To find the torque required to turn the shaft at a speed of 3800 RPM, which has been determined to be optimal for this machine (Figure 13) and thus find the power needed and an appropriate motor. Diagram: Figure 13: 3D diagram of power transmission system Due to the complex effects of fluid flow on the resistance to turning, the required torque for operation will be found by reverse engineering a similar system. HAUS Centrifuge Technologies produce a horizontal decanter centrifuge that has a maximum RPM of 5400, and utilizes a motor with a power output of 11 kW that can process up to around 1 m3/hr of material [5]. This is sufficiently similar to the system being discussed in this report and can thus be used to reverse engineer the torque requirements during steady state. Using the equation Pdrum = Tdrumà Ã¢â‚¬ °, the required torque may be found. Thus, the required power for the system will be: Since the reverse engineered system accounts for power losses due to inefficiencies and other factors, as well as the fact that that system has an overall larger processing capacity, the required power value obtained can be assumed to slightly larger than the true minimum requirement. However, this will account for any power losses during transmission as well as any potential extra power demands. Conclusions: The chosen motor is the AEG AM 132M ZA4*. This has a maximum of 1440 RPM and 9.2 kW of power, with an efficiency of 87% when operating at 100% RPM, and a weight of 56kg. This is a modification of the AM 132M ZA4 motor, which only produces 7.5 kW of power [3]. The AM 132M ZA4* is a 4-pole, 3-phase motor, single-speed drive. The motor has a single drive and is an asynchronous type motor with an Aluminium frame. It also has an IP 55 rating, making it somewhat resistant to dirt, debris, and water; a useful property for this use case, where spillages and leakages may occur. The motor manufacturer also specifies that the chosen motor has a shaft diameter of 38 mm, and a key of 10 x 8 mm should be used for any pulleys, with the keyway being 5 mm deep and 10 mm wide. The key should have a length of 70 mm [3]. Calculations for the sizing of the inlet tube Aim: To find the required dimension of the inlet tube so that an appropriate amount of material will be input at an appropriate speed. Diagram: Figure 14: Diagram of flow in inlet pipe It must first be ensured that the flow rate in the inlet tube (Figure 14) will be sufficient to allow for the design specifications. In this case, the design is specified as having an input rate of 450 kg/hr. It is assumed that the cake will have a density, à Ã‚ Ã‚ ­cake of approximately 2000 kg m-3. Thus, the appropriate inner radius may be found. Converting the input rate to m3/hr: m3/hr. This results in 6.22510-5 m3 s-1 flow rate. For a system of this kind, the flow velocity is generally in the range of 0.5 to 2 ms-1. For the sake of calculations, it will be assumed that an appropriate velocity for this specific system will be 1ms-1. Thus: Cross Sectional Pipe Area = Area = à Ã¢â€š ¬r2, therefore = 4.46 x 10-3 m. Thus, an inner radius of 5mm can be chosen. This will result in a slight decrease in flow velocity, (down to 0.8 ms-1), however this is well within the ideal range. Seeing as this pipe will undergo no torque and very little forces, a standard 2mm thickness can be taken. Power Transmission  ­The centrifuge shaft is required to be turned at a constant speed. The load is determined mainly by flow and amount of cake in the system, which are controlled through a process done by another system. Thus, the load on the system may be assumed to be largely unchanging. The torque required is also relatively low. As such, a belt and pulley system is an appropriate choice for drive transmission. This is cheaper than a gear train, and is also easier to maintain and replace if required. This also reduces the size of the entire assembly, as the motor may be placed laterally, with the shafts being parallel to each other. A flat belt is chosen over a V-belt. While the wedging action of a V-belt means that more power can be transmitted, flat belts are more efficient, having a 98% efficiency. Flat belts also generally have a longer work life. Most importantly, flat belts may be used across large centre distances, unlike V-belts. Thus, due to the nature of the setup a flat belt system is more appropriate. [6] The larger pulley must also be crowned (curved slightly) so the belt may be kept tracking centred on the pulley [7]. Flat-Belt Calculations Aim: To analyse the forces acting upon the belt, determining friction and tension due to transmitted torque, in order to find forces and stresses on the shafts. Assumption: A polyamide A-3à ¡Ã‚ ¶Ã…“ flat belt with thickness 3.3mm is used to calculate the forces present [8]. Figure 15: Diagram of belt and pulley system The outer diameter of the centrifuge shaft has been chosen to be 120 mm. To find the corresponding motor pulley diameter, D (Figure 15) required in order to spin the centrifuge at the required 3800 RPM, assuming the motor will turn at its rated speed of 1440 RPM, the following relationship is used.dn1 = Dn2 Where n ­1  ­Ã‚ ­and n2 are the RPMs of the respective shaft 0.123800 = D1440 D = 315.57 mm This will be approximated to 0.316 m (or 12.5 inches), the closest standard pulley size. For this size, the crown of the pulley should be 1 mm high [9]. Determining the angles indicated [8]: = sin-1() = 0.197à ¡Ã‚ ¶Ã…“where C = 500mm d = à Ã¢â€š ¬ 2sin-1() = 2.747à ¡Ã‚ ¶Ã…“ D = à Ã¢â€š ¬ + 2sin-1() = 3.536à ¡Ã‚ ¶Ã…“ Length of belt, L = = 1.704m Thickness and width of belt, t = 3.3mm b = 75mm (standard belt width chosen arbitrarily) specific weight of belt, ÃŽÂ · = 0.042lbf/in3 = 1162.56kg/m3 Volume of belt = t x b x l = 75 x 3.3 x 1704 = 421.74 x 103 mm3 Mass of belt = à Ã‚ V = 1162.56 x 4.2174 x 10-4m3 = 0.49kg Mass per unit length of belt, m = = 0.2877kgm-1 It can be shown that: From dS = mr2à Ã¢â‚¬ ° dÃŽÂ ¸ where dS, is the force due to centrifugal force = FC dÃŽÂ ¸ This implies FC = mr2à Ã¢â‚¬ °2 = = 163.34N The difference in tension between the 2 sides of the belt is given by: ΆF = F1 F2 = = 109.3N For initial tension Fi, Equating Fi with the force required to overcome friction Fi = T2 eÃŽÂ ¼ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¸ from friction equation T1 = T2 eÃŽÂ ¼ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¸ The negative sign indicates that this is the force that must be overcome. To find F1 and F2 , Tension in the belt where T1 is the largest tension, to be FI ÃŽÂ ¼ = 0.8 ÃŽÂ ¸D = 3.536C T2 = F2 Since, F2 = Fi + FC F2 = -F2 e0.8 x 3.356 + FC F2 = F2 e0.8 x 3.356 + 163.34 1 e0.8 x 3.356 F2 = 163.34 Therefore, F2 = ΆF = F1 F2 109.3 = F1 6.06 Therefore, F1 = 115.36N Finding the radial resultant force on the shaft, It can be assumed that the force will act approximately radially for the sake of calculations. By geometry ÃŽÂ ¸ = sin-1 = 0.197c = 11.3o Figure 16: Diagram showing forces acting on driver pulley Solving horizontally (Figure 16): (115.36 cos 11.3) + (163.34) + (6.06 cos 11.3) = 282.40N Solving vertically: (6.06 sin 11.3) (115.3 sin 11.3) = -21.42N FR = = 283.45N ÃŽÂ ± = tan-1 = 4.34o Calculating FC for the smaller pulley using the equation FC = mr2à Ã¢â‚¬ °2 => FC = = 164N Since FC for the bigger pulley = 163.3N, the resultant force FR will be approximately the same as previously found for bigger pulley. The chosen belt has an allowable tension per unit width of ~ 31 N/mm, thus the chosen belt may withstand a tension up to 2325 N. Thus, the chosen belt is appropriately sized to

Wedding Speech Delivered by the Bride :: Wedding Toasts Roasts Speeches

Wedding Speech Delivered by the Bride I wouldn't want anyone to think that I'm trying to have the last word here but I thought it only appropriate that the bride speaks and those of you who know me well enough will agree that it's usually hard to keep me quite. Well today is no exception, so here we go! I feel privileged to be sharing our day with most of the friends and family who have been important to us during our lives. Many of you have travelled from afar:- South Africa, Botswana and even the UK, and some of you have had 0to take time off work to be here. Thanks to all of you for the efforts and sacrifices you have made to be with us today. Of course there are those who are unable to be with us and there is one person in particular who I would dearly have loved to be here today to see me married and that is my Dad. He's certainly been in our thoughts today,a s he is everyday. I'd like to thank Allan for his earlier compliments and would like to add how wonderful he looks today. Allan and I have been together for about 14 years (as has been mentioned a number of times tonight) and during that time we've been through a lot. But he has many wonderful qualities - charms, brains & beauty are sadly the only ones missing! No seriously, I would like to thank Allan for being the person that he is. He is good company and is funny, affectionate and loving and he's a friend as well as a partner and it means a lot to be is wife after so many years. I would now like to drink my own private toast to him and or future together. To Allan, you know everything about me and love me just the same. Now I don't mean to bore you with repetition but I would like to say a few personal thank you's to some very special people who have contributed enormously to our day:- * Firstly, to the most wonderful mother a child could ever have – not only for all the love, support and guidance over the years but also for everything you've done towards today. Your massive contribution has been priceless and without you we would never have managed and today would not have been possible, never mind so special.

The Symlar San Fernando Valley Earthquake of 1971 :: Seismology natural disaster

Earthquakes are best described as a shaking or vibration of the ground caused by breaking of rock. Sometimes they are very strong and other times you would hardly notice them. This shaking occurs when stress that builds up in the crust is suddenly released as the crust breaks free and/or slides against the other pieces of crust. Earthquakes may also be thought of as the breaking of a popsicle stick by applying pressure to both ends at the same time. Should you try this experiment , you will feel the pressure build up as you apply more force until the stick snaps. When the stick snaps you will feel an instant of pain at your fingers as the stress reduces and energy waves move throughout the stick. When the earth's crust is placed under similar types of stress, binding as the stress builds, it will also snap and release the energy into the surrounding rocks, 'ooch'. Thinking about earthquakes will become more clear if you try another experiment. Experiment Find two regular red bricks, or any color will do. Place them on the table side-by-side touching each other. Now push them together with a little bit of force and slide one past the other while applying the force. You will find that they do not slide past each other very easily while applying a force to push them together. As you manage to force the bricks past each other, you may notice by feeling and hearing a vibration and a jerking type of movement. You have simulated an earthquake . Now set a small toy , a rubber eraser, a coin or other item on each of the bricks and do the experiment again. You can see that the objects bounce, fall and move about as the bricks slide past each other. Taadaa! You have created an earthquake in the toy world! Now place one of the bricks one on top of the other. Put some toys on top of the upper brick and slide the top brick across the bottom brick. This is called a 'thrust' fault when one piece of crust slides over top of the other. This is much mo re like what happened during the Sylmar earthquake. Are the toys O.K.? Unfortunately, this is what happens in the real world too. Real Life The vibration and jerky movements cause things to fall, bounce around and sometimes break.

Cry the Beloved Country by Alan Paton :: Cry, The Beloved Country Essays

Cry the Beloved Country by Alan Paton As an advocate for the natives, the death of Arthur Jarvis is a blow to the South African community. Although dead, Arthur Jarvis has a significant influence in the book Cry the Beloved Country by Alan Paton. Arthur Jarvis is a white man who believes in equality between the white men and the native men. Before dying Arthur Jarvis was a president for the Africans Boys Club and involved in many other such organizations. (He wholeheartedly believed that all men were created equal, a belief reinforced bye the wall of books on Abraham Lincoln. Jarvis’ passion to read all about Abraham Lincoln, who firmly believed that all men were created equal, reinforces.) Jarvis is placed in the story to symbolize the fight for equality that occurs in South Africa. With the rise of native crime in South Africa, Arthur Jarvis begins to write a book. In the book Jarvis states that the reason for native crime stems from the fact that the white man oppresses the black. The white man leaves the black uneducated, yet expects him to be civilized. When the natives commit crimes, it shocks the white man, yet the white man does nothing to better the situation. This, states Jarvis, is unacceptable. For as long as the white man does this, there will be native crime in South Africa. Yet the most significant thing that results from Arthur’s death is the effect it has on his father James Jarvis. James Jarvis is a white farmer who lives near Ndotsheni and notices the poverty, yet does nothing. Nothing, that is, until his son dies. The death of Arthur cases James to rethink some of his beliefs, and in the end results in his helping out the natives of Ndotsheni. For example, when one of the children I the valley falls sick and needs milk to survive, Jarvis sends milk for the child.

The Pattern Of Development In The First Three Years Of Life

From birth to the age of 3 children progress greatly, considering they are born with only simple reflexes and are helpless and dependent on adults to feed and care for them. At birth babies are born with many actions that are done without thinking, these are called reflexes, and many of these reflexes are carried out in order to survive. To ensure a baby can feed they have a swallowing and sucking reflex. To help a baby find food they move their head to look for a nipple or teat if their cheek or mouth is touched this is called rooting.Babies have a grasping reflex by where they will automatically grab whatever is placed in their hand if it touches their palm. If there is a loud sound or bright light babies will perform their startle reflex, they will raise their arms and clench their fists. If a baby is held with their feet touching a hard surface they will perform the walking and standing reflex by making stepping movements. At 1 month babies change a great deal, they begin to sett le into a pattern and still sleep a lot of the time but they will gradually begin to stay awake for longer periods.They cry to communicate their needs and may vary their cry dependant on a particular need. At this age babies are also learning about their parents or carers and may stop when they hear their voice, they coo when they are content. They can focus at a distance of around 20 -30 cm but try to focus on the face of who is holding them. While asleep they smile fleetingly, this is usually done when they are content. At 3 months they have grown a lot in both height and weight. Some babies may now know the difference between day and night and are able to sleep through the night.They are now able to lift and turn their head and begin to notice mobiles and other objects that are around them. They are now more alert and sleep less during the day. They now know their parents voice and smile quite a lot, especially when they see a smiling face. At 6 months babies have learnt many new skills. They are very alert and will move their head to see what is happening around them. When playing with their parent or carer they will smile and squeal to express their enjoyment. They can now focus on objects and toys and explore them by using their mouth and fingers.Babies start to show that they understand a little of what is been said to them and lift arms to show that they want to be picked up. They are beginning to try and feed themselves by grabbing the spoon and should be enjoying their food. Teeth are now beginning to come through which can be painful at times. By this age babies are getting stronger and should be able to sit with support and should be able to roll over form their back to their fronts. They should now be settled into a routine and will nap and play throughout the day.At 9 months babies should now be crawling or finding other ways of getting around, they will sit and spend a lot of time playing and exploring their surroundings, babies can now pick up and handle things and begin to feed using their fingers. Their language should now be developing; their babbling is now more tuneful and long strings of sounds are put together. They can now understand some simple words such as drink or bath and may get excited when they hear them. At around 8 months they may cry when they are left with a stranger and will try their hardest to be with their parents.Around this age babies will now understand that objects and people around them do not disappear but continue to exist when they can no longer see them. This development is important and explains why at around his age babies protest and become distressed about their parents leaving the room, as they now know they are still around and are desperate to be with them, unlike before when they thought they disappeared once out of sight. At 1 year babies have developed a great deal and are now mobile, if they are not already walking they may be on the verge of learning to walk.They can stand hold ing onto furniture and may walk holding onto things around them. They can now crawl very fast and their eyesight has developed to that of an adult. Objects can now be held, touched and moved, they enjoy putting things in and out of containers as well as dropping things to see what happens to them, they will enjoy doing things like this over and over again. By now babies should be able to sit unsupported and should be able to feed themselves with their fingers and should now know what foods they like and dislike so will only eat what they like.Babies now understand more of what is being said to them and long strings of babbling is still how babies of this age communicate but now they are beginning to try and say their first words. At 18 months they can now walk and are usually referred to as a toddler, they enjoy playing with adults but are still fascinated by other children, they take an interest in what older siblings are doing too. At this age they begin to want some independence, they start to develop a mind of their own , they cry and have temper tantrums if they cannot have their own way or what they want.They may now be able to use a few words but can understand most of what adults say to them, but this does not mean that they understand the meaning of sharing and how to wait for things. Toddlers can change their mood very quickly and fidgety, which can be tiring for parents, they get upset if they are left in unfamiliar surroundings or with people they don’t know. At 2 years toddlers are now showing their individuality, they know what they want and what they want to do.They can now walk confidently as well as run and climb, they are able to pick things up. They like to be independent and get annoyed or frustrated if they cannot or are not allowed to do things for themselves, these outbursts are known as the terrible twos. They can now say around 200 words and are beginning to enjoy pretend play such as giving a teddy a pretend drink, they will pl ay with building blocks and simple jigsaw puzzles. At 2Â ½ years children are still happy to be independent and still find it hard to wait for things.Their communication skills are improving greatly and they can now put two words together, such as daddy gone, they may even manage short sentences. Their physical development is progressing and they are now determined to get things they want which could mean they put themselves in dangerous situations, such as climbing on chairs or standing on tables. They now begin to play more with other children rather than just alongside them. Pretend play and small world toys are now popular, as well as riding tricycles and climbing frames.Adult attention is still important and still enjoys cuddles and helping an adult, such as throwing paper in the rubbish bin. Been away from parents is still upsetting, unless they know who they are going to be with. At this age potty training may begin and may only take a few days to be out of nappies during th e day, for some children. At 3 years children are making a big jump in development which is linked to their language skills, instead of them showing that they are upset they are able to tell us and temper tantrums begin to happen less often.They begin to understand more of what is happening around them and understand the needs of others. They are now able to play with other children and are able to share toys with ease, other children begin to be important to them and will look forward to going to nursery. Children of this age are now generally happy to be away from parents as they now understand that they will return and are able to talk to staff who are looking after them.

Literary Merit Essay Hamlet

William Shakespeare’s plays have long been regarded as works of literary merit due to their complexity and thematic depth, as well as their universal appeal and ability to stand the test of time. One of Shakespeare’s most renowned plays, The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, subsequently referred to as Hamlet, is an ideal example as it satisfies the requirements of literary works of merit. Complexity is a characteristic of literary merit found in Shakespeare’s works, and most evidently, in his characters. Hamlet, for example, is considered to be the epitome of complex characters, as he displays many layers throughout the play.It’s obvious that this tragic character is indecisive and unsure at times, including when he contemplates suicide, in his relationship with women, and when to kill his uncle, King Claudius. For example, in Act Two, Scene Two, Polonius, advisor to Claudius, reads aloud a love letter written by Hamlet to Ophelia, his supposed love i nterest. In this letter, Hamlet declares his love for Ophelia, and tells her never to doubt his love. However, when talking personally to Ophelia in the next act, Hamlet tells her that he never loved her.Yet, at Ophelia’s funeral in the final act of the play, Hamlet tells the attendees that he had more love for Ophelia than does forty thousand brothers for each other. This happens to be one of many examples of Hamlet’s complexity, mostly due to his â€Å"feigning† of madness throughout the vast majority of the play. This characteristic of complex characters is one reason why Shakespeare’s works are considered to be of literary merit. Another characteristic of literary merit that Shakespeare’s works display is thematic depth, especially in Hamlet. A major theme in this tragedy is that of revenge, which can be seen frequently throughout the play.There is the obvious plot of revenge in the play as Hamlet tries to avenge Claudius of King Hamlet’ s death. There exist two other plots as Laertes attempts to avenge Polonius’ and Ophelia’s deaths, as well as Prince Fortinbras avenging his father’s death. A thematic depth is composed as these three separate scenarios are woven together, calling the value and necessity of revenge into question. Another prominent theme in Hamlet is death. From the appearance of the dead King Hamlet’s ghost in the opening scene to the carnage of the final scene, the knowledge of life and the mystery of death are examined.Hamlet’s â€Å"to be or not to be† soliloquy is a perfect illustration as he ponders over the idea of suicide. Because Shakespeare is able to bring up discussion and call certain ideas into question with such themes, his works are thematically deeper, making them of literary merit. Despite having been composed over four hundred years ago, William Shakespeare’s plays have stood the test of time and have proven valuable in many academic fields, other than English. The cause of this is Shakespeare’s ability to provide insight into the human condition, as well as his ability to include universal themes in his plays, so as to gain more appeal.Shakespeare’s plays explore ideas that are prevalent in the human condition, such as vengeance, romance, and jealousy, which creates universal appeal and paves the way for the analysis of the human condition in the sub-fields of humanities: psychology, sociology, anthropology, etc. In the case of Sigmund Freud, the founding father of psychoanalysis, his The Interpretation of Dreams, explores the foundation of Hamlet on the Oedipus Tyrannus (Oedipus Rex). Freud explains that Hamlet’s hesitation at avenging his uncle is due to the repression of his subconscious desires.Another example of this cross-curricular analysis of Shakespeare’s works can be seen in Laura Bohannan’s essay, â€Å"Shakespeare in the Bush,† in which Bohannan attempts to tell the story of Hamlet to a group of Nigerian villagers. This essay, along with Hamlet is used by students of both anthropology and linguistics as a way of understanding the effects of perspective on one’s perception and expectations. Therefore, because Shakespeare’s works have stood the test of time, and continue to be valued in many academic fields, his works are of literary merit.Ultimately, William Shakespeare’s works, specifically Hamlet, have all demonstrated their literary merit because of their complexity and thematic depth, along with their value and ability to stand the test of time. Works Cited Bohannan, Laura. Shakespeare in the Bush. Print. Freud, Sigmund, A. A. Brill, Daniel T. O'Hara, and Gina Masucci MacKenzie. The Interpretation of Dreams. New York: Barnes ; Noble Classics, 2005. Print. Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince Of Denmark. Ed. Barbara A. Mowat and Paul Werstine. New York, NY, USA: Washington Square, 1992. Print.