Science and Religion Contradictions

The U.S. Pledge of Allegiance in German

The U.S. Pledge of Allegiance in German One of the best ways to learn German is to use something that youre already familiar with. For German students in the United States, the Pledge of Allegiance is a great lesson that can be tailored to beginners and advanced students.   The majority of American students grow up citing the Pledge of Allegiance (Der amerikanische Treueschwur). Its fixed in our memories from a very young age, so learning it in German can really help students understand and practice grammar, pronunciation, and vocabulary in a single and recognizable sentence. U.S. Pledge of Allegiance(DerAmerikanischeTreueschwur) In this instance, we use der Treueschwur  for the  English word  and the U.S. Pledge of Allegiance translates to der  amerikanische  Treueschwur  or  Treueschwur der USA. Taking those famous words, I pledge allegiance... into German is a matter of finding the right vocabulary and placing it in the correct word order. The Pledge can be an excellent lesson for students of all levels. Beginners can use it to practice German pronunciation and learn some new vocabulary while reciting it with the familiar cadence. Intermediate students can use it to study word order and proper German grammar. Advanced students can make their own attempts to translate the Pledge into German own, then compare it to the examples given. Keep in mind that translation from one language to another is never perfect or word for word. As you can see in the two examples, different words can mean the same thing. For instance,  schwà ¶re  means swear and  gelobe  means vow, but theyre both used for the verb pledge. Another example is the words  jeden  (each) and  alle  (all).  They both can be used to mean everyone, which is what the Pledge implies by all. It should be noted, however, that the first translation is the more widely accepted version of the two. German translation 1: „Ich schwà ¶re Treue auf die Fahne der Vereingten Staaten von Amerika und die Republik, fà ¼r die sie steht, eine Nation unter Gott, unteilbar, mit Freiheit und Gerechtigkeit fà ¼r jeden.â€Å" German translation 2: „Ich gelobe Treue der Fahne der Vereingten Staaten von Amerika und der Republik, fà ¼r die sie steht, eine Nation unter Gott, unteilbar, mit Freiheit und Gerechtigkeit fà ¼r alle.â€Å" The Pledge of Allegiance: â€Å" I pledge allegiance to the flag of the United States of America and to the Republic for which it stands, one nation under God, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all.† Who Wrote the U.S. Pledge of Allegiance? The Pledge of Allegiance was written by Baptist minister and socialist Francis Bellamy. It first appeared in The Youths Companion  magazine in 1892 to commemorate the 400th anniversary of the discovery of America. The original oath used the phrase â€Å"my flag† rather than â€Å"the flag of the United States of America.† The change was made in 1923. The next alteration occurred in 1954 when Congress inserted the phrase â€Å"under God.† It is interesting to note that, according to his granddaughter, Bellamy himself would have objected to this religious amendment. Additionally, the author had  originally wanted to include the word â€Å"equality† in front of â€Å"liberty and justice.† He reluctantly left that word out because he felt it controversial. Equality did not seem right to him given the fact that women and African Americans were not considered equal by many people in 1892.

Denver Area Educational Telecommunications Consortium v FCC, 518 U.S Essay

Denver Area Educational Telecommunications Consortium v FCC, 518 U.S. 727 United States v. Playboy Entertainment Group, 529 U.S - Essay Example In this Act, section 10 (a) and (c) allowed television program operator to forbid or deny broadcasting a program that it practically trusts portrays sexual activities or organs in a patently offensive way. On the other hand, section 10 (b) required the operators to distinguish a â€Å"patently belligerent† programming, block it and unblock it within 30 days of the viewer’s request (Breyer et al. 1). The appeal’s court held that the three sections were coherent with the First Amendment. The ruling was acknowledged in part and reversed in part. The court issued the opinion resolving that  § 10(b) infringes the first modification. The sections’ â€Å"distinguish and block† requisites have understandable language obstructive upshots for subscribers, who cannot view telecasts distinguished on the â€Å"patently belligerent† channel devoid of significant prior planning. Additionally, the judge held that section 10 (b) was not properly designed to attain its primary goal of protecting the children from disclosure to â€Å"patently offensive† telecasts (Breyer et al. 1). The case number 98-1682, United States, et al., the Appellants, vs. Playboy Entertainment Group, Inc., the Defendant, was argued from November 30, 1999 and decided on May 22, 2000. In this case, the Appellant, United States filed a direct appeal pursuant to section 561 of the Telecommunications Act, 1996. In the prior history of this case, the Appellee, Playboy Entertainment Group, challenged the Telecommunications Act of 1996 by asserting that section 505 was an unreasonably limiting content-oriented statute offensive of the First Amendment. In its previous ruling, the court held that section 505 infringes the First Amendment. This case signified a contest to the  §505 of the Telecommunications Act 1996, Pub. L. 104-104. This section necessitates cable television operators who offer telecasts â€Å"primarily committed to sexually-oriented programmi ng† either fully block or scramble the broadcasts or restrict their broadcast to a time when children are not probable to be watching preferably between 10 p.m. and 6 a.m. In order to conform to this directive, most of the cable operators implemented the second time broadcasting approach. The upshot of the extensive implementation of the time broadcasting was to do away with the broadcasting of the targeted programming exterior to the shark repellent period in affected cable service parts. In this case, no household would receive this type of programs for two third of the hours of the day. In the appeal case, the court dismissed the appeal for lack of jurisdiction and affirmed its earlier decision. In the Denver Educational Telecommunications Consortium, Inc, et al., vs. Federal Communications Commission et al. case, the court noted that Section 10 (b) infringes the First Amendment. The court noted that tis section had speech limiting effects on the subscribers and that it was not appropriately designed to protect children from â€Å"patently offensive† materials. A close examination of section 10 (a) depicted that the statute appropriately addresses a severe issue without inflicting unnecessary limitation on speech (Breyer et al. 1). The appellant’s dependence on the court’s â€Å"public form† is ineffective. It is needless and uninformed to decide on how to use the public forum principle to

Boundaryless Career Deined Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Boundaryless Career Deined - Essay Example Though the new boundaryless career era brought along with it a number of exciting features, along with the benefits, there are a number of challenges created by it for the modern graduates. The challenges in the new business world According to scholars like Brocklehurst (n.d.p. 3-4), there are certain fundamentals that people seek in their jobs. Some important aspects are security, community and self-fulfillment. Admittedly, gone are the days when an employee was hired by a company for his lifetime, and once employed, the employees felt considerable amount of security in their jobs. However, in the modern workplace, one is not in a position to feel secure as there is a possibility of change at any time. Companies change their strategies on an everyday basis, they change technologies and consequently the employees are met with a flood of newer and newer information that they fail to grasp fully. While the ones who are able to assimilate and adapt according to the changes manage to sta y afloat, the ones who cannot are left behind. The second point is the community feeling. Evidently, as the work place is volatile, it is a place of discontinued events, and hence, the employees normally find it difficult to grow and retain lasting relationships. The last point is the feeling of self-fulfillment. Admittedly, having some relations and the feeling of belonging are essential for the feeling of self fulfillment. However, when the career ladder is ever-climbing, one feels restless and helpless. Thus, admittedly, the first challenge for the young graduates in the modern business arena is to learn to live without the security that is given by a single employer. The second major challenge for the graduates is the need for life-long learning. To illustrate, gone are the days when a fresher joined a company and went on doing the very same job throughout his life. Now, even a person who wants to pursue the same job will have to learn new and new things as technology goes on ch anging and as newer and newer forms of technology go on assaulting the workplace. For example, if an accountant in the past only required accounting skills, the present-day accountant has to do it using computer and modern software that change every now and then. Thus, for a modern day employee, learning has become life-long, and they have to continue applying the skills and knowledge they learned in one situation in another. The third issue facing young graduates is that they should be adaptable in the modern business world. For example, a manger in a multinational firm will have to work in various cultures and various geographical areas, and the skill of a manager is usually assessed by his readiness to get used to the situations. The one who has foreseen the situation is the best and he epitomizes the modern day employee. The one who is able to adapt immediately will also change and survive. Without the ability to adapt, the employee does not get any feeling of security. In other words, as Sullivan and Emerson (n.d., p.3) point out, ones feeling of security is decided by ones own ability to improvise, not by the employee’

Evil in St.Augustine's Confessions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Evil in St.Augustine's Confessions - Essay Example He proposed many interesting arguments. This theme was important for Augustine as he was very sinful until realized the essence of God and religion. His theory is very valuable as it serves as the basis for Christian knowledge. However, as every theory, the ideas of Augustine is not fully accepted and actively criticized. The presence of good and evil in the world is obvious, but what are the relations between them? Many experts emphasize the conflict between good and evil. The main statement of St. Augustine is that evil is simply the absence of good. This presumption has a long history. It is a well known fact that St. Augustine was initially a Manichean and became Christian only after he realized the drawbacks of Persian Dualism religion- Manichaeism. The main idea of this religion lies in the belief in two gods, who represent good and evil. In this religion we can see the struggle between the light and darkness. St. Augustine scrutinized Christianity and rejected Manichaeism. He claimed that in this world there could be only one god, a good one. God and the world that he created are the main aspects of the philosophy of Augustine and the relations between them deserve special attention. Augustine argued that the world is the creation of God, God does not depend on the world and the world is fully dependent on God. Creating human soul, God initially incorporated in it the striving for happiness as the main goal in a man’s life. That is why a man must use all the abilities of his soul to achieve the happiness. Happiness itself consists in the maximum cognition of God and in this case the human reason becomes the main basis for belief. That is why belief is the foundation and the initial point for cognition. Cognition without the belief is sinful. The supreme form of cognition is divine inspiration given by God to humans, who have strong belief. This

Mechanisms of V.cholerae Cytolysin (VCC)

Mechanisms of V.cholerae Cytolysin (VCC) V.cholerae cytolysin (VCC) is a pore-forming toxin secreted by many pathogenic strains of the Gram-negative bacteria V.cholerae the causative pathogen of diarrheal disease cholera. VCC display potent cytotoxic activity against the erythrocytes and mammalian cells. It is also reported to possess enterotoxin activity in terms of inducing bloody fluid accumulation in the rabbit ileal loops. Based on these observations, VCC has been believed as a potential virulence factor of V.cholerae. VCC, in particular, secreted by the pathogenic strain lacking ‘cholera toxin’, the primary virulence factor of V.cholerae that responsible for inducing the massive dehydrating diarrhea disease during V.cholerae infection. VCC is encoded by the hlyA gene present in V.cholerae chromosome two. VCC toxin is synthesized as a ~ 81 kDa protein, called Pre-Pro-VCC. During the secretion of toxin, the N-terminal signal peptide composed of 25-residue is removed to generate a nonfunctional precursor form of the VCC molecule, named as Pro-VCC. Following, ~ 15 kDa N-terminal sequences from Pro-VCC is proteolytically deleted that resulting the formation of the functional mature form of the toxin. Proteolytic activation of the toxin is mediated by the HA/protease, which display the major extracellular proteolytic activity of V.cholerae. Conversion from Pro-VCC into the mature state of the VCC can also be obtained in vitro by other proteases like trypsin, chymotrypsin, and subtilisin. It has been reported that the activation of the Pro-VCC can be resulted by the proteolytic activity of the proteases present on the surface of the target host cell membrane as well. Functional mature form of the toxin has been displaying to induce lysis of the erythrocytes and other eukaryotic cells by generating the heptameric oligomeric pore structure of 1-2 nm diameters. The functional membrane permeabilization ability of the toxin could also be resembled in the membrane lipid bilayer of the synthetic liposomes. Along with its membrane permeabilization activity, VCC toxin also displayed a prominent lectin-like activity by binding to the complex glycoproteins and glycolipids with the terminal ÃŽ ²1-galactosyl component. VCC is characterized as a member of ÃŽ ²-PFTs and reported that the toxin follow the overall scheme of the generalized ÃŽ ²-PFT mode of action. Structural Features of VCC VCC is secreted as a water-soluble monomeric form of the toxin, which after the removal of the N-terminal Pro-domain gets converted into the mature functional form of the molecule. VCC induces lysis of its target cells by generating heptameric oligomeric pores on the membrane. The high-resolution structure of the water-soluble, monomeric precursor state Pro-VCC toxin has been determined. Heptameric transmembrane structure of the VCC has also been determine recently. Many previous studies confirmed that the VCC is a ÃŽ ²-PFTs family member, and the toxin employed pore-forming activity by generating the transmembrane heptameric ÃŽ ²-barrel pores on the target cell membrane. Consistent with the ÃŽ ²-PFTs tramsmembrane pore structure, pore complex of VCC represent a mushroom-shaped organization, which can be divided into two parts: (a) transmembrane b-barrel structural, and (b) membrane interacting rim domain. Structural analysis of the VCC molecule highlights many unique features which are not reported in the archetypical member of ÃŽ ²-PFTs family. Consistent with the structural of archetypical ÃŽ ²-PFTs, VCC harbors a central cytolysin domain that constitutes the core structure of the mushroom-shaped oligomeric transmembrane pore structure. The cytolysin domain contains the pore-forming stem-loop of the toxin. Apart from cytolysin domain, VCC structure also contains three additional structural domain which are not commonly documented in any other member of b-PFTs family: an N-terminal Pro-domain in the inactive Pro-VCC precursor state of the toxin, and two lectin-like domain name ÃŽ ²-Trefoil domain and ÃŽ ²-Prism lectin-like domain at the C-terminal side of the cytolysin domain. Cytolysin domain The VCC molecular structure contains 325 amino acid long cytolysin domain that structurally similar with the cytolysin domains present in the member of ÃŽ ²-PFTs like S. aureus ÃŽ ±-hemolysin. Cytolysin domain of the VCC during the membrane pore-formation process inserts its ‘pre-stem’ region into the lipid bilayer and generates ÃŽ ²-barrel structure on the membrane and provides the central scaffold of the pore structure. VCC generate mushroom-shaped oligomeric transmembrane pore structures that can be classify into two major parts: (a) transmembrane region that make the ÃŽ ²-barrel pore structure, and, (b) membrane interacting rim-domain that interact with the membrane surface. The membrane inserted ÃŽ ²-barrel structure of the VCC pore structure is composed solely of the central cytolysin domain of the toxin. Notably, the majority of the rim-domain is also generated by the cytolysin domain. Cytolysin domain of the toxin harbors the 42-residue long ‘pore-forming loop’ loop that involve in the formation of the transmembrane ÃŽ ²-barrel pore structure. In the water soluble monomeric form of the toxin, this region remains completely folded against the cytolysin domain, in the form of a so named ‘pre-stem’ motif. During the process of the functional pore-formation, the ‘pre-stem’ loop from each of the participating protomers undergoes enormous structure recognition to obtain a so-called ‘stem’ configuration, and inserted into the lipid bilayer of the membrane. Stem region from each of the protomers contributes two ÃŽ ²-strands towards the formation of the stem region of the heptameric ÃŽ ²-barrel pore structure. Heptameric oligomer highlights that the stem regions make the extensive interaction between the neighboring protomers and hence contribute towards the robust stability of the transmembrane oligomeric assembly. Apart from the pore-forming stem-loop segment, other part of the cytolysin domain contains the membrane-proximal rim-domain of the transmembrane pore structure. Structural analysis of the ÃŽ ²-PFTs pore, suggests that the membrane-proximal rim-domain work as the structure motif for transmembrane pores. Rim-domain acts as structural scaffolds that mediate interaction of the protein with the lipid head-group of the target membrane lipid bilayer. Cytolysin domain of the VCC contributes towards the interaction of the toxin with the lipid head-group of the membrane. Pro-domain As mentioned previously, VCC toxin is secreted by yet bacteria as the water-soluble inactive precursor state called Pro-VCC. The high resolution three-dimensional structure of Pro-VCC molecule shown the presence of ~ 15 kDa Pro-domain, which make contact to the N-terminal of the core cytolysin domain through a 29-residue long flexible linker.The linker region harbors ~ amino acid long structural motif that act as the cleavage site(s) for a group of proteases. Proteolytic removal of the Pro-domain at this linker sequence resulted in the generation of a mature form of the toxin. The presence of the Pro-domain in the precursor form of the toxin has been reported to be critical for the efficient secretion and the appropriate folding of the VCC molecule. One earlier study has been reported that the recombinant V.cholerae cells, containing the deleted variant of hlyA gene lacking the sequence for the Pro-domain, unable to secrete the protein outside the bacterial cells. In vitro denaturati on/renaturation, assay have demonstrated that without the Pro-domain VCC fails to refold back to its active conformation, whereas Pro-VCC can obtain proper refolding. Recent study on Pro-domain, suggested that the presence of Pro-domain increase the unfolding property of the Pro-VCC molecule in response to many denaturing conditions, whereas mature active form of the toxin display considerable resistant towards the unfolding of the toxin. Overall, these studies suggested, the Pro-domain show an intramolecular chaperone-like activity in term of providing significant level of structural plasticity in the VCC structure, which probably essential for the efficient secretion of the toxin in its precursor from across the bacterial membrane. However, it’s not clear so far how the presence of the Pro-domain keep the protein in its precursor form. ÃŽ ²-Trefoil lectin-like domain: VCC harbors a ÃŽ ²-Trefoil lectin-like domain (~ 15 kDa) at the C-terminal edge of the center cytolysin domain. This ÃŽ ²-Trefoil lectin-like domain is also present in related cytolysin from Vibrionaceae bacteria, but not present in the archetypical ÃŽ ²-PFTs protein for example S. aureus ÃŽ ±-hemolysin. The ÃŽ ²-Trefoil lectin-like domain is associated with the cytolysin domain through a short linker sequence constitute of Gly-Gly-Arg-Pro. The ÃŽ ²-Trefoil lectin-like domain of VCC display structural similar to the carbohydrate-interacting domain of the plant toxin ricin, and featured the presence of the QXW conserved carbohydrate-interacting motif (s) observed in the archetypical ÃŽ ²-Trefoil lectin domains of carbohydrate binding lectins. However, the carbohydrate binding propensity of the ÃŽ ²-Trefoil domain of VCC has not been elucidated. Also, the implications of the ÃŽ ²-Trefoil domain in the structure-function mechanism of the VCC need to be explored in future. ÃŽ ²-Prism lectin-like domain: The VCC harbors an additional ~ 15 kDa domain that is linked to the C-terminal of the ÃŽ ²-Trefoil domain through the long linker sequence.This domain is not present in any other member of the ÃŽ ²-PFTs family, including the cytolysin secreted by V.vulnificus and Aeromonas hydrophilia.The C-terminal domain of the VCC display structural similarity to several ÃŽ ²-Prism lectins including jacalin and Maclura pomifera agglutinin (MAP). VCC ÃŽ ²-Prism lectin-like domain possess a binding pocket similar to the carbohydrate-binding site of the jacalin and MPA lectins. Recently, we have conclusively established the role of ÃŽ ²-Prism domain in the lectin activity of the toxin. In the absence of the ÃŽ ²-Prism domain, VCC toxin did not show lectin activity towards ÃŽ ²-1 galactosyls terminated glycoconjugates. We have identified the critical site within the ÃŽ ²-Prism domain which responsible for the lectin activity of the toxin. We reported that the amino acid tried (composed of Asp617, Tyr6 54, and Tyr679) located within the putative carbohydrate-interacting pocket generate the crucial element for the VCC lectin activity. Overall, it has been established that the ÃŽ ²-Prism domain of the VCC act as structural scaffold playing a critical role in the lectin-like activity of the toxin. During the process of functional pore-formation in the lipid bilayer of the target host membrane, VCC molecule undergoes enormous structural reorganization. The ÃŽ ²-Prism domain of the VCC obtained two different positions with respect to the core cytolysin domain, in the monomeric precursor form (Pro-VCC) and the transmembrane pore structure. In monomeric water-soluble inactive precursor Pro-VCC, the ÃŽ ²-Prism domain positioned on the opposite side of the Pro-domain on top of the pre-stem region, whereas in the transmembrane pore structure it is relocated in the place of the Pro-domain. This structural rearrangement of the ÃŽ ²-Prism domain is mandatory for the membrane insertion, and the functional oligomeric pore-formation procedure. In the absence of such structural reorganization of the ÃŽ ²-Prism domain, it would be located in such a way that would generate steric hindrance between the contributing protomers and subsequently block the oligomerization of the toxin. Also, without such reorganization of the ÃŽ ²-Prism domain, the pre-stem loop would not be able to unfold for the membrane insertion of the toxin. Overall it appears that the ÃŽ ²-Prism domain-mediated lectin activity of the toxin might act as a triggering mechanism to allow such structural reorganization of the ÃŽ ²-Prism domain with respect to core cytolysin domain. Our study suggested that the presence of the ÃŽ ²-Prism domain in VCC molecule is critical for the efficient membrane pore-formation of the toxin. The ÃŽ ²-Prism domain truncated variant of the toxin display abortived membrane pore-formation. However, in the absence of ÃŽ ²-Prims domain, VCC molecule could generate membrane-associate oli gomers but does not show any functional membrane pore-forming activity. Structural reorganizations during oligomeric pore-formation: Structural analysis of the water-soluble monomeric form and the transmembrane oligomeric structure of VCC reveal that the VCC molecule undergoes structural reorganization within the toxin monomer during the process of the oligomeric transmembrane pore-forming procedure. The most critical structural change is the unfolding the ‘pre-stem’ region from the cytolysin domain, and its insertion into the lipid bilayer to generate ‘stem’ configuration. In the water soluble monomeric structure of Pro-VCC, the ‘pre-stem’ region remains packed between the b-Prism domain and the cytolysin domain of the toxin. Hence, the movement of ÃŽ ²-Prism domain is essential for the conversion of ‘pre-stem’ to the ‘stem’ region of the toxin. During the formation of the functional pore-formation of the toxin on the membrane, the ÃŽ ²-Prism domain of the toxin reorients with respect to the central cytolysin domain by almost 180o angle, and attends the location where the Pro-domain was located in the Pro-VCC molecule structure. This reorganization of the ÃŽ ²-Prism domain of the VCC represents the second most critical structural change involved in the membrane pore-formation of the VCC toxin. The structural change in the position of the ÃŽ ²-Prism allows the ‘pre-stem’ to undergo the reorganization for the following membrane insertion and the functional heptameric pore-formation process. Structural Features of the VCC ÃŽ ²-Barrel Pore Earlier study based on the Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) characterized the transmembrane oligomer of VCC as typical ring-like structures with the inner diameter of almost 1-2 nm. Inhibitions in the cell cytotoxic ability by the osmoprotectants of defined molecular sizes have also advised similar pre diameter for VCC oligomer pore. Single channel conductance measurement by using the VCC oligomeric pore generated in the synthetic lipid bilayer suggested that VCC produce anion-selective diffusion channels. This analysis also indicated that the VCC pore is having asymmetric pore geometry: larger opening in the ‘cis-side’ than in the ‘trans-side’ with a narrow region at the central part of the human. The high-resolution structure of the VCC oligomer suggests ‘cup-shaped’ lumen geometry of the pore. Analysis of the oligomeric pore structure also suggests that the narrow constriction near the central of the pore lumen is generated by the aroma tic ring of a tryptophan residue contributed by each of the participating protomers during heptameric pore-formation. Mechanism of Membrane Pore-formation The functional pore-formation of the ÃŽ ²-PFTs involve on the membrane lipid bilayer of the target cells involves three distinct steps: (i) interaction of the water-soluble monomeric form of the toxin towards the target cell membrane; (ii) self-assembly of the membrane-associated monomeric toxin to generate the intermediate ‘pre-pore’ oligomeric assembly on the membrane surface; (iii) conversion from the transient ‘pre-pore’ oligomeric assembly to the functional transmembrane pore structure. During the process of the pore-formation, the pore-forming ‘stem-loop’ of the toxin inserted into the membrane lipid bilayer and generates the transmembrane ÃŽ ²-barrel structure. Many structural studies reported that the member of ÃŽ ²-PFTs follow the similar way of pore-formation on the membrane. However, each member of the ÃŽ ²-PFTs family differs from each other in the definite step towards the pore-formation process. Membrane interaction step displays e normous range of variation in term of receptor specificity, the role of different lipid component and presence of specific carbohydrate receptor on the membrane. Notably, the molecular mechanism that involve the discrete steps for the functional pore-formation are not properly elucidate for most of the ÃŽ ²-PFTs members. The pore-formation on the membrane by VCC can resemble in the synthetic lipid bilayer liposomes indicating that the membrane association step does not critically required any particular non-lipid components. However, the membrane pore-formation is reported more efficient in the biomembrane as compared to that in the synthetic lipid bilayer of the liposomes, indicating the role of extra molecule present on the cell membrane plays significant role in the pore-formation process. For example, erythrocytes are more susceptible compared to the liposome. Notably, VCC toxin displays a different level of hemolytic activity towards the erythrocytes of the different species. R abbit erythrocytes are found to exhibit more sensitive as compared to the human erythrocytes. Earlier studies have suggested the role of many cell surface receptor proteins (e.g., glycophorin B on the human erythrocytes) as a potential receptor molecule for the VCC toxin. VCC displayed potent lectin-like activity towards the interacting with the cell membrane. However, the specific receptor for the VCC has not been identified. The formation of the transmembrane oligomeric pore structure can be induced in the presence of the synthetic lipid bilayer liposomes. A previous study suggested that the binding of the VCC molecule with the liposomes driven mostly by global amphiphilicity of the monomeric state of the toxin. However, the self-assembly of the toxin and membrane pore-formation has been observed more specific events required the specific components of the membrane. More importantly, the presence of the cholesterol in the lipid bilayer of the membrane has been reported to play cri tical role in the membrane pore-formation of the toxin. In our recent study, we identified the specific lipid-binding structure motif present within the cytolysin domain of the toxin. However, our study suggested that the specific motif is responsible for the lipid association in general not specific towards the cholesterol presence in the lipid bilayer of the membrane. In the pore-formation process of the VCC, the ‘pore-forming loop’ of the toxin unfolds and insert into the membrane toward the generation of the functional pore-formation. It is reported that the trapping of the pore-forming stem-loop in its pres-stem configuration through engineered disulfide linkage could arrest the toxin in its pre-pore oligomeric assembly. Also, a VCC variant without the pre-stem loop is found to remain arrest in the pre-pore oligomer on the membrane surface. Overall these studies suggested that the VCC follows the archetypical ÃŽ ²-PFTs mechanism of pore-formation. A previous study indicated that the membrane interaction of the VCC precedes membrane oligomerization. Many environmental factors also affect the binding and oligomerization events of the toxin. For example, membrane association can occur even at a low temperature of 4 oC while the membrane oligomerization and functional pore-formation blocked under the similar condition. This observation clearly indicated that the association of the toxin with the target cell membrane is distinct step from its subsequent oligomerization and pore-formation steps.

Monica Lewinsky: Women in Society, Body Image and Feminism :: Essays Papers

Monica Lewinsky: Women in Society, Body Image and Feminism In the current post-impeachment proceedings the question becomes whom it has affected most and what it will mean to them and their agenda. Obvious groups that will suffer most from the impeachment that are subject to the after effects are the Republican Party and American politics in general. As far as individuals are concerned, Monica Lewinsky has a good deal of post-scandal baggage. But what about those who will experience the effects of Monica and what she represents as a woman in American society? The movement which has suffered the most in the standpoint of social and political agenda are the Feminists. Using Feminist criticism to analyze the discourse surrounding and as well as by the speaker, Monica, I aim to reveal how women's place in society led by the Feminist's has changed due the sex scandal and where it maybe headed next. In looking at this aspect of the scandal it becomes crucial not just to analyze the discourse of Feminists and Monica but to find it in a larger scheme of a society which shapes many of the gender roles and pressures put on individuals to look and act in certain ways. There is an evident change in the role of women in American society that has occurred as a result of the scandal which is important not just to the Feminists and their supporters but to any female who enters the public arena and is faced with pressures and expectations put on them as a result of their gender. As a leading special interest group, Feminists, who are politically active concerning gender roles in society, have been at the forefront of the Paula Jones case and the Lewinksy-Clinton scandal. What comes at odds with the Feminist stance in politics is a womanizing Democratic President that they support and his opportunizing and provocative young mistress. It was something the Feminists were neither prepared for nor easily responded to when given the option of a liberal President with sexual issues or the conservative, Republican moralists taking charge. We deplore his misconduct but we also understand the hypocrisy of his opponents. We Have years of progress at stake if the President is hounded out of office. But worse yet, We wish the ushering into power of a puritanical or fundamentaliststs, sex police which Speaks of freedom but allows government to destroy the right of privacy.

My Dream Job Essay

For many years since I was young I had the passion to be a police officer, I wanted to be that hero who I seen on television that saved everybody from danger and harm but little did I know it wasn’t as easy as television made it come out to be. As my school days passed I finally came to a conclusion of what I wanted my life to be like. High school was the turning point where I no longer wanted to be a police officer anymore, I grew knowledge of better opportunities for me and being a police officer just wasn’t enough for me. I wanted a job that was going to give me the ability to live high class and buy the expensive things I wish I could have had when I was young. Homicide detective was my next goal in my life to be, I’ve watched many episodes of a show called â€Å"The First 48†³ and it inspired me to want to solve murders for people who didn’t have the chance to tell their side of the story. The First 48 showed many positive sides of being a homicide detective but gave little information about what the actual job itself was like. Seeing dead bodies didn’t seem so bad to me but as I thought about it I asked myself if this is really what I wanted my everyday life to be like, the only thing i was concerned about was interrogating criminals to solve the case but the fact of seeing dead bodies everyday didn’t sit right with me. I was back at step one; trying to figure out what I wanted to be in life. Senior year came faster than expected and there I was clueless about my future, it was time to settle down and narrow down my options. I was certain that I wanted to work in the criminal justice industry so now all I had to do was research. My absolute final life decision was made and I just knew that being a family attorney was it for me. Now that I knew what I wanted to be I had to do deeper research than I have done before. I found that there’s not just one type of lawyer there are several different kinds such as; real estate, corporate, family, criminal, employment and so on its just a matter of fact what you’re interested in and want to do. Real estate lawyers deal with real property transactions that have gone wrong and take on cases that deal with mortgage or disclosure fraud and they even help with subdivision and zoning laws, most real estate lawyers are often highly specialized and work long hours depending on the client. There are numerous skills that you must have in order to be a successful real estate lawyer and that includes developing a broad business law foundation and having strong negotiating skills. Education is a big aspect when it comes to taking on this certain kind of job â€Å"A real estate lawyer must obtain a juris doctorate degree from a school accredited by the American Bar Association along with an attorney’s license through passing the bar exam†. Most employers often require several years of transaction preparation and contract negotiation but when it’s all done and said the salary could but quite rewarding â€Å"The average salary for a real estate lawyer is $118,000. Salary depends on the hourly rate charged and job experience. Working in a large firm or becoming a partner increases a real estate lawyer’s pay†. Corporate lawyers on the other hand are called when business advice is needed or they do what’s best in the interest of the corporation they are working for but they are also known for many different names too â€Å"A corporate lawyer is also known as In-House Counsel, Staff Attorney, Deputy General Counsel, General Counsel and Chief Legal Officer†. They have many duties that require a strong background in several different areas which means that you would have to have writing, negotiating and managerial skills. Corporate lawyer salaries could range from $66,000 to $170,000 but could only be possible with the education of having a juris doctorate degree that is received from an accredited law school by the American Bar Association. The job of a family lawyer could be a lot more emotional due to the life changing decisions that are made in court. Family lawyers deal with a wide variety of family issues such as child custody, legal separation, child support, marriage annulment and visitation rights. Family attorneys are also called divorce and family practice lawyers, it’s a shame how â€Å"Forty to fifty percent of all marriages in the United States end in divorce† but that’s just my opinion. The process of a divorce with no fault came to effect in 1969 when â€Å"California was the first state to legalize no-fault divorce. In 2010, New York was the last of the fifty states to approve it. No-fault divorce does not require any evidence of wrong-doing on the part of either spouse. Although divorce is a difficult emotional decision, in terms of the law, it can easily be granted under a no-fault divorce ruling†. Adivorce lawyer’s responsibility is to separate the assets and debt between the spouses, if children are involved the lawyer helps set the terms for child support and custody. Divorce lawyers must have excelling unique skills as a attentive listener because decisions made in and out of court will greatly affect the client’s life. There aren’t any specific education requirements for family lawyers although some courses are advised but passing the bar exam and attending law school is compulsory. Salaries for family attorneys can range from $48,000 to $80,000 and as they build their reputation their hourly rate and salary could most likely increase. Criminal Lawyers on the other hand represent their client in a criminal court system that goes through pretrial hearings, settlement conferences, trials and sentence hearings. They defend juveniles (teenagers), and adults at a state, federal and local level. Criminal lawyers often work on several cases at a time so it could be quite difficult to keep on with all your clients sometimes. They also offer legal counsel if it would be in their clients best interest. The process of going through the process can take time â€Å"There is a vast amount of time spent gathering evidence like police reports, eyewitness testimonies and any other information pertinent to the case. As a result, criminal lawyers utilize the expertise of paralegals, private investigators, litigation consultants and others to assist them†. As far as the salary for criminal lawyers â€Å"The average salary of a criminal lawyer is $78,500. However, the salary can range from $45,000 to $130,000. Interestingly, private criminal lawyers make the lowest earnings among lawyers. Experience and rising to the top of the career ladder however increases a criminal lawyer’s pay scale† so getting your business put out would be a main priority so that you could make more money. After all the options I looked over I decided that being a family lawyer would be the best decision for me because I think it would be a great thing if I helped families get over the pain that they’ve been through and also help the kids that are in the middle of it to be with the best parent that is best suitable for them and to have them in a safe environment and home. I hope to work in a successful big law firm one day and make a good living so that when I do decide to have kids I can be a great provider for them and put them through schooling like my parents were able to do for me.

American Nation Identity essays

American Nation Identity essays Historians disagreed over the motives behind the American decision for war with England in 1812. They believed that the role of the young western congressmens speeches about a war program was unsuccessful and they defended that it would vindicate the national honor. In this essay , first I want to mention a brief summary of the events which were happened before war of 1812, then I am going to discuss the comments on the leaders( Henry Clay, John C. Calhoun) thoughts about American national honor. Before the war of 1812, The United States attempted to change the policies of the European powers by economic means. In 1807, after the British ship Leopard fired on the American frigate Chesapeake, President Thomas Jefferson urged and Congress passed an embargo act that banned all American ships from foreign trade. However, the embargo failed to change British and French policies, yet it devastated New England shipping. Weaker economic measures were also unsuccessful. They failed in peaceful efforts and they faced an economic depression, as a result of this, some Americans began to argue for a declaration of war to redeem the national honor. The Congress was elected in 1810 and a group met in November 1811 who was known as the War Hawks and who demanded war against Great Britain. These men were all Democratic-Republicans and mostly from the West and South. These leaders were John C. Calhoun of South Carolina, Henry Clay of Kentucky, and Felix Grundy of Tennessee. They argued that A merican honor could be saved and British policies changed by an invasion of Canada. On the other hand, the Federalist Party represented New England shippers who foresaw the ruination of their trade, opposed war. In Henry Clays document, he talks about that commerce, character, a nations best treasure, honor. He defended their revenue is decreased by the operation of the belligerent edicts and he said that accord ...

Destroying an Artist essays

Destroying an Artist essays In the short story called The Portrait, Gogol describes Russian society. The Russian society has its affect on certain people and individuals changing the course of their lives. Gogol focuses on artist in Russia and how they develop their artistic talent. Good art by artist will always be corrupted if Russian society influences artist to focus on outer appearances. In the story, there is a comparison between good and bad art. Bad art is full of deceit. Chartkovs professor in The Portrait warns Chartkov to not, become a fashionable artist.(p.100) Fashionable art is bad art made up of bright colors, impatience, quick work, set upon money, and does not generate emotions. A fashionable artist focuses on what Russian society wants. Russian society fathoms over superficial things such as wealth, status, and how people look. All of these qualities are outer appearances and always deceitful. There is always an evil feeling in outer appearances because they are set upon lies. The feelings of artists, who are influenced by society and superficial needs, can be reflected in what is seen on canvas. The art painted by the father of artist B for the church was done in envious competition against his student. He wanted to keep his status in society higher than that of his students. Artist Bs fathers painting was denied by the priests because of t he evil feeling in the art. The evil purpose and desire to raise his own status brought out this evil feeling, because that is how artist Bs father felt at the time he painted the portrait.. Works of art are good according to the story if the art is well thought out, time-consuming, and great at expressing positive emotions. When a work of art covers people with good, pure emotions of how the artists are feeling, it is considered good art. Good qualities and talent were developing in the art Chartkov painted before his art was ...

Corrections and Rehabilitation Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Corrections and Rehabilitation - Research Paper Example In the early days these were the unwritten rules of those particular societies but all of them had a few characteristics in common like stealing, cheating, murder, embezzlement etc. were considered bad in all the societies. Today, almost all the nations have their own sets of rules that are termed as ‘laws’. Not abiding by the written or given laws is considered a deviance and termed as crime. Looking through history, we find that imprisoning was not a punishment in itself but it is a relatively new idea. Prisons were first used to keep criminals until the time of their execution. It was also used to detain debtors until they made their payments. The modern prison system was born in London in the 1860`s that prisons as known today become commonplace. Imprisoning the criminals is not the ultimate solution. They will eventually be released from prisons and will have to rehabilitate in the society. The important factor is how to re-establish them into the normal stream of t he society. It is not in the nature of humans to commit crimes but they due to different circumstances are forced to commit crimes. There is no unlimited resource of confining the criminals in penitentiaries for an unlimited period and it is against the basic human rights. Therefore, correcting and rehabilitating the criminals is of the same, if not more, importance than imprisoning them. (History, 2012) This concept is evolving to make our society a better and safe place. It is of extreme importance to the government as running prisons has a great cost. If the prisoners can be managed and rehabilitated in the society smoothly, the tax payer`s money can be put to better use. Realizing the significance of this issue the government has established many state run rehabilitation and correction centers like the Florida Department of Corrections (Florida Department of Corrections, 2012). Reducing recidivism also has a direct impact on society as a whole as the criminals are a part of the society. According to a research, religious activities, religious talks, vocational talks and strong family bondages have a positive effect on reducing recidivism (Che Din). LITERARTURE RIVIEW Since the evolution of the modern criminal justice system, there has been a debate as to how to convert the law breakers into law abiding citizens. That is in effect a discussion as to how to rehabilitate them into the society. It has been argued that there is a cost of ignoring rehabilitation to the effect that there is no concrete evidence that correctional programs either decrease recidivism or generate any other optimistic gains for offenders. However, in contrast to this an argument has been raised that rehabilitation programs have remedial effect on the criminals and has helped many in settling back into the society. A survey carried out has demonstrated that the public supports a correctional system that is both punitive and rehabilitating. To conclude rehabilitation in a wider perspect ive is a better course to follow (Cullen, 2000). The Florida Department of Corrections (Florida DC) is the third largest state prison system in the USA. In its mission statement, it is stated that Florida DC exists to protect public safety and to provide proper care and supervision of all the offenders under its jurisdiction providing them with all the assistance to help them re-enter into the society.

Community education project , Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Community education project , - Essay Example According to surveys, children of Saudi Arabian descent residing in the United States have little or no mastery of their language, with numerous linguists expressing concerns that in a short while, none of the students and children from Saudi Arabia will be able to write or read their heritage tongue as the influence of the English language continues to overwhelm the Arabic language (Abu–Rabia, 2002). This community education project is heavily influenced by this escalating loss of meaning of the Arabic language especially amongst the children (students) of Saudi Arabian descent living in the United States. Furthermore, research demonstrates the various importance of being bilingual. Being bilingual has been linked in a plethora of different exploits with positive intellectual growth and indeed superior critical and creative thinking capacities. Bilingual persons are also more sensitive to different languages and have listening potentials that are higher than their counterparts who only have an understanding of one language (Ayari, 1996). Bilingualism therefore considerably improves one’s communication skills across various contexts and cultures, thereby creating in such persons a healthy sensitivity towards diversity (Campbell & Christian, 2003). Children who are bilingual have the chance of better understanding other cultures of the world, and are consequently more appreciative of the cultures of other people. Apart from these, learning a different language increases one’s chances of gaining employment in various regions of the globe. Being bilingual in this scenario therefore becomes a great asset in the contemporary competitive world (Valdà ©s, 2005). The Arabic language is a highly renowned and popular less commonly taught language (LCTL) in the United States and is fast metamorphosing into one of the most widely used languages world over. Realizing